Preoperative Psychosocial Support for Postoperative Recovery and Health: Mechanistic Substudy

实验性的：痛苦的正念

行为的：Mindfulness of Pain

Mindfulness of Pain consisted of instruction in how to (1) zoom in to deconstruct pain into its constituent physical sensations and precisely map each sensation's spatial location, (2) use mindful breathing to zoom out and broaden the field of attention to include previously neglected sensory elements (i.e., spaces within the body that were absent of sensation and pleasant sensations), and (3) shift attention from unpleasant sensations to neutral/pleasant sensations or experiences.

实验性的：Mindfulness of Breath

行为的：Mindfulness of Breath

Mindfulness of Breath consisted of instruction in focused attention on the breath and metacognitive monitoring and acceptance of discursive thoughts, negative emotions, and pain.

有源比较器：Cognitive-Behaviorally Based Pain Psychoeducation

行为的：Cognitive-Behaviorally Based Pain Psychoeducation

Cognitive-Behaviorally Based Pain Psychoeducation consisted of psychoeducation about the link between thoughts, emotions, and behavior and provided instruction in the use logic to dispute maladaptive thoughts about pain that might otherwise exacerbate pain and distress.

Change in Preoperative Pain Intensity

Single-item Numeric Rating Scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no pain and 10 representing the most intense pain imaginable.

Change in Postoperative Pain Intensity

Single-item Numeric Rating Scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no pain and 10 representing the most intense pain imaginable.

Change in Postoperative Pain Unpleasantness

Single-item Numeric Rating Scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no pain and 10 representing the most unpleasant pain imaginable.

Change in Postoperative Opioid Use

Single-item, dichotomously scored (no vs. yes): "Did you take opioid medications in the last 24 hours?"

Change in Self-Transcendent State

Self-transcendent state was measured with the Nondual Awareness Dimensional Assessment (NADAs; Hanley, Nakamura, & Garland, 2018). The NADAs is a 3-item, Likert type (0-10) self-report scale specifically designed to measure alterations in the experience of self occasioned by mindfulness practice.

Patient Confidence

Patients' confidence ("How confident are you that you could effectively use this pain management technique?") in using the pain management technique was assessed with a single item rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no confidence and 10 representing complete confidence.

Patient Intent

Patients' intent to use the technique ("How likely are you to use this pain management technique?") to use the pain management technique was assessed with a single item rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no intent and 10 representing absolute intent.