Whole Grains, Gastric Emptying and Glycemic Response

March 15, 2018 updated by: Bruce R. Hamaker, Purdue University

Glycemic Response of Whole Grain Wheat Meals

Whole grains have been associated with controlled glycemic response and increased satiety compared to refined grains. However, the properties of whole grains which are responsible for these purported improved health outcomes are still unclear. The current study investigated the extent of whole grains' low glycemic property when food properties are controlled, and how this relates to gastric emptying rate and glycemic response.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

It is generally assumed that whole grain foods confer a health benefit in regards to moderated glycemia and increased satiety compared to foods made from refined grains. However, the extent of whole grains' low glycemic property may be limited by certain factors. For example, physical properties such as viscosity or particle size and differing starch digestion rates of whole grain foods may strongly influence glycemic response and gastric emptying rate. In this study, whole and refined grain wheat porridges were prepared from materials originating from the same milling source, with matched pairs for viscosity, starch and dietary fiber contents, and particle size. Subjects consumed wheat porridges containing 13C-labeled octanoic acid for assessment of gastric emptying rate, and they wore a continuous glucose monitor for measuring postprandial glucose levels. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that the purported moderated glycemic response and slow gastric emptying rate are dependent on how these foods are processed. This work highlights the need to consider specific properties of whole grain foods for desired health outcomes in order to optimize the design of whole grain-based foods.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
16

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Indiana
      • West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907
        • Purdue University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 50 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged between 18-50 years old
  • Healthy, normal BMI (18.5 kg/m² <BMI < 25 kg/m²)
  • Be free of any gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
  • Be free of any wheat allergies and gluten intolerances or sensitivities
  • Not be pregnant or nursing

Exclusion Criteria:

  • No medical problems
  • No medication
  • Pregnant or nursing

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Cracked whole wheat porridge
Large particle whole wheat porridge
Other: Cracked whole wheat porridge
Large particle whole wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Experimental: Semolina wheat porridge
Large particle refined wheat porridge
Other: Semolina wheat porridge
Large particle refined wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Experimental: Whole wheat flour porridge
Small particle whole wheat porridge
Other: Whole wheat flour porridge
Small particle whole wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Experimental: Refined wheat flour porridge
Small particle refined wheat porridge
Other: Refined wheat flour porridge
Small particle refined wheat porridge was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Experimental: Refined wheat flour porridge,fine bran
Small particle refined wheat porridge with small particle bran
Other: Refined wheat flour porridge,fine bran
Small particle refined wheat porridge with small particle bran was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.
Experimental: Refined wheat flour porridge,coarse bran
Small particle refined wheat porridge with large particle bran
Other: Refined wheat flour porridge,coarse bran
Small particle refined wheat porridge with large particle bran was tested for gastric emptying rate, glycemic response and appetitive response.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Gastric emptying
Time Frame: Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food
Breath test was performed using 13C-octanoic acid mixed into test meals
Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food
Glycemic response
Time Frame: Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food
Blood glucose was measured using a continuous glucose monitor
Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food
Appetitive behavior
Time Frame: Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food.
Hunger and fullness scores using a 10 cm scale (0 = weakest feeling of hunger or fullness and 10 = highest feeling of hunger or fullness) will be taken after each meal.
Acute study, 4 hours measurement after consumption of test food.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Purdue University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 16, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
May 31, 2017

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 31, 2017

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 10, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 10, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 16, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 19, 2018

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 15, 2018

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 1611018484

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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