Minimum Local Anesthetic Volume of Bupivacaine in Labour Epidurals

Determination of the Minimum Local Anesthetic Volume of 0.125% Bupivacaine in Labour Epidurals

Different medications can be used as analgesics in labor epidurals. Bupivacaine is one of the most commonly used drugs for that purpose. The efficacy of a certain medication injected epidurally depends on the dose that is given. A certain dose can be administered in different concentrations, which will consequently mean different volumes. Our hypothesis is that for each concentration of a certain drug, there has to be a minimum effective volume that will be associated with the best possible performance of the drug. This study is being conducted to find the minimum volume of bupivacaine (a local anesthetic) that produces successful analgesia in 95% of patients in labor.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Acute Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: bupivacaine

Detailed Description

Epidural administration of local anesthetics during labor produces analgesia, sympathetic block and motor block. The characteristics of the block depend on the volume and concentration of the local anesthetic that is used as well as the potential use of adjuncts. Although many researchers have investigated the efficacy of different drugs at different concentrations, the volumes used have been arbitrary. There is limited data regarding the minimum volume that is necessary for a successful anesthetic for a given concentration of bupivacaine.

This study is conducted as a prospective, randomized, up-down sequential allocation trial. The aim is to determine the minimum volume of 0.125% bupivacaine that will provide effective analgesia for 95% of parturients in the first stage of labor. The verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) is used to rate the pain felt over the first 20 minutes, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. After 20 minutes, if the VNRS was greater than 2, the volume of bupivacaine was considered inadequate and additional medication was given.

The volume of bupivacaine for the first patient was arbitrarily chosen as 8 ml, and the dose for each subsequent patient depends on the outcome of the previous injection. Doses will be increased or decreased in increments of 1 ml. If the previous response was ineffective, the next patient will receive 1 ml more than the last patient. If the response of the previous patient is effective, the Narayana rule, which is used to cluster doses around EV95, will be applied to determine if the dose remains the same or decreases.

50 patients will be included in the study. An estimate of EV95 will be calculated based on a logistic model with non-log-transformed doses, fit using Firth's penalized maximum likelihood approach for small sample bias correction. Confidence intervals will be calculated based on the profile likelihood approach.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 50
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
      • Mount Sinai Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 50 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• ASA I or II
• Full term (more than 37 weeks gestation)
• Singleton pregnancy, vertex presentation
• Regular painful contractions occurring at least every 5 minutes
• Cervical dilatation < 5 cm

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any contraindication to epidural anesthesia
• Accidental dural puncture
• Allergy or hypersensitivity to bupivacaine
• Women who have received opioids or sedative medications within the last 4 hours

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: 1; Epidural, bupivacaine	Drug: bupivacaine; 0.125% bupivacaine in a volume determined according to the biased coin up-down sequential allocation model, starting at 8mL.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Verbal Numeric Rating Scale (VNRS) less than or equal to 2 out of 10 during contraction	20 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jose CA Carvalho, MD PhD, Mount Sinai Hospital

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2005
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2007

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 19, 2007
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 19, 2007
• First Posted (Estimate): March 21, 2007

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 17, 2007
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 12, 2007
• Last Verified: December 1, 2007

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Epidural; Bupivacaine; Dose-response; Labor Analgesia; Minimum effective volume
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Acute Pain; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Sensory System Agents; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine
• Other Study ID Numbers: 07-03; 05-0209-E