BMI Screening and Reporting in Schools: The Fit Study

Randomized Controlled Trial of BMI Screening: Effects on Obesity, Disparities, and Body Satisfaction

The Fit Study is a three-year, cluster-randomized controlled trial that will evaluate the impact of school-based body mass index (BMI) screening and reporting on child health. Seventy-nine California schools will be randomized to one of three groups: 1) BMI screening and reporting, 2) BMI screening, and 3) no BMI screening or reporting (control). Investigators will assess the impact of BMI reporting on students' BMI trajectories over three years. Investigators will also assess the impact of BMI screening on weight-based teasing, feelings of stigmatization, and weight-control behaviors among students.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Overweight; Pediatric Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: BMI screening; Behavioral: BMI reporting; Behavioral: Fitness testing

Detailed Description

The Fit Study is a three-year, cluster-randomized controlled trial that will evaluate the impact of school-based body mass index (BMI) screening and reporting on childhood obesity and psychosocial outcomes. This study will take place during the 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17 school years. Seventy-nine schools across California will be randomized to one of three groups: 1) BMI screening and reporting, 2) BMI screening, and 3) no BMI screening or reporting (control). Schools randomized to Groups 1 and 2 will conduct height and weight measurements annually with their 3rd-8th grade students. Group 1 and 2 schools will also administer the five fitness assessments (mile run or PACER test, curl-ups, push-ups, trunk lift, and sit and reach) annually with their 5th-8th grade students. In the fall of Years 2 and 3, Group 1 schools will mail a report home to parents with students' results from the previous spring. All 3rd and 4th grade parents will receive a report with BMI results only. Investigators will randomize the parents of 5th-8th grade students to receive a report that provides BMI results only or one that provides BMI results with results from the five fitness assessments. Schools randomized to Group 3 will not conduct height and weight measurements with their students during Years 1 and 2.

Each fall, investigators will administer a survey to 4th-8th grade students from all schools. This survey will assess weight-based teasing, feelings of stigmatization, and weight-control behaviors among students. The student survey will also ask questions about students' experiences having their heights and weights measured at school. During all years, investigators will mail a survey home a subsample of parents to assess parent behaviors related to their child's physical activity and nutrition, as well as parent reactions to the BMI report. Finally, schools will complete a survey in Spring 2017 to assess their nutrition- and physical activity-related policies and programs.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 36452
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • Berkeley, California, United States, 94720
      • UC Berkeley School of Public Health

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 7 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria for school districts:

1. District does not report BMI results to caregivers and has no history of doing so
2. District has at least eight schools that meet all of the school-level eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria for schools:

1. School does not report BMI results to caregivers and has no history of doing so
2. School has an enrollment of 15% to 85% Latino students
3. School has an enrollment of at least 30 students in grades 3 through 8

Inclusion criteria for students: Student is enrolled in 3rd-8th grade

Inclusion criteria for parents: Parent has a child who is enrolled in study

Inclusion criteria for teachers: Teacher measures the heights and weights of students for the study

Exclusion Criteria: None

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: BMI screening and reporting (Group 1); For three school years, 3rd-8th grade students will have their heights and weights measured once annually. Additionally, 5th-8th grade students will participate in five fitness assessments. Schools will send BMI reports home to parents.	Behavioral: BMI screening; Students in grades 3-8 will have their heights and weights measured annually at school and their BMIs calculated.; Behavioral: BMI reporting; Schools will send a report home to parents that provides their child's height, weight, and BMI results.; Behavioral: Fitness testing; Students in grades 5-8 will participate in five fitness assessments (curl-ups, sit-ups, push-ups, sit-and-reach, and the PACER test or mile run) annually at school.
Active Comparator: BMI screening only (Group 2); For three school years, 3rd-8th grade students will have their heights and weights measured once annually. Additionally, 5th-8th grade students will participate in five fitness assessments. Schools will NOT send BMI reports home to parents.	Behavioral: BMI screening; Students in grades 3-8 will have their heights and weights measured annually at school and their BMIs calculated.; Behavioral: Fitness testing; Students in grades 5-8 will participate in five fitness assessments (curl-ups, sit-ups, push-ups, sit-and-reach, and the PACER test or mile run) annually at school.
No Intervention: No BMI screening or reporting (Group 3); For two school years, 3rd-8th grade students will NOT have their heights and weights measured at school.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in body mass index (BMI) z-score	Investigators will assess change in BMI z-score over 3 years between students in Group 1 (BMI screening + reporting) and students in Group 2 (BMI screening only). Primary analyses will be limited to students who were overweight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) at baseline (Spring 2015). Investigators will also compare change in BMI z-score over 3 years between Group 1 students whose parents received the BMI-only report and Group 1 students whose parents received the BMI + fitness report. In both sets of analyses, ethnicity will be used as an effect modifier.	Up to 2 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in weight-control behaviors	Investigators will compare change in weight-control behaviors (assessed via a survey) between students in Group 3, who did not have their heights and weights measured for 2 school years, and students in Groups 1 and 2, who had their heights and weights measured during those years.	Up to 2 years
Change in weight-based teasing	Investigators will compare change in experiences of weight-based teasing (assessed via a survey) between students in Group 3, who did not have their heights and weights measured for 2 school years, and students in Groups 1 and 2, who had their heights and weights measured during those years.	Up to 2 years
Change in body satisfaction	Investigators will compare change in body satisfaction (assessed via a survey) between students in Group 3, who did not have their heights and weights measured for 2 school years, and students in Groups 1 and 2, who had their heights and weights measured during those years.	Up to 2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of California, Berkeley
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Kristine A Madsen, MD MPH, University of California, Berkeley

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Madsen KA, Thompson HR, Linchey J, Ritchie LD, Gupta S, Neumark-Sztainer D, Crawford PB, McCulloch CE, Ibarra-Castro A. Effect of School-Based Body Mass Index Reporting in California Public Schools: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Mar 1;175(3):251-259. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4768.
• Thompson HR, Linchey JK, Liu NF, Madsen KA. Parents Recall of, and Reactions to, School-Based BMI Reports. Child Obes. 2019 Dec;15(8):548-554. doi: 10.1089/chi.2019.0061. Epub 2019 Aug 12.
• Thompson HR, Linchey JK, King B, Himes JH, Madsen KA. Accuracy of School Staff-Measured Height and Weight Used for Body Mass Index Screening and Reporting. J Sch Health. 2019 Aug;89(8):629-635. doi: 10.1111/josh.12788. Epub 2019 May 28.
• Madsen KA, Linchey J, Ritchie L, Thompson HR. The Fit Study: Design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of school-based BMI screening and reporting. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017 Jul;58:40-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.05.005. Epub 2017 May 4.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: March 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 15, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): July 15, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 7, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 12, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): March 14, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 4, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 2, 2021
• Last Verified: November 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Overweight; Body mass index; Pediatric obesity; Primary schools; Secondary schools
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Body Weight; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity; Overweight
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2012-07-4472; R01HL120666 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)