Activity of the Rotator Cuff During Glenohumeral Mobilization

A Comparison of the Effects of Glenohumeral Mobilization on Rotator Cuff Activity in Normal and Painful Shoulders

Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions treated by physical therapists. One common treatment is passive glenohumeral joint accessory mobilization, which is the application of a therapist generated force to move the humeral head (ball) on the glenoid (socket) of the shoulder to improve motion and decrease pain. It is generally accepted that these mobilizations do not elicit active muscular contractions of the surrounding musculature. However, there is very little literature to support this assumption, and a preliminary PubMed search utilizing the terms "shoulder"," mobilization", and "EMG" returned zero relevant references. Therefore, the investigators plan to utilize surface electromyography (EMG), a non-invasive assessment tool, to objectively measure the activity of the rotator cuff muscles (the muscles that surround the shoulder and provide stability to the joint) during various grades(levels of force and amplitude of movement) of glenohumeral mobilization ( a standard of care treatment). It is also unknown if subjects pain levels impact the level of rotator cuff activity. To investigate these questions, the investigators will collect EMG data while performing mobilizations on a total of 20 subjects, divided into two groups: 10 pain free shoulders and 10 painful shoulders. Data analysis will then include descriptive analysis, estimates of effect size, and analysis for between group differences.

The investigators hypothesize that there will be significant differences in muscular activity between groups related to the presence of shoulder pain.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Shoulder Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Glenohumeral mobilization

Detailed Description

Following informed consent, all participants will be assessed in a private EMG lab setting. After exposing the posterior shoulder girdle, the areas of the upper trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus will be cleaned using a cloth alcohol prep pad, and the skin at the area of electrode placement will be vigorously abraded for 5 seconds. A previously calibrated (per Delsys system protocol) Delsys mini-wireless electrode will then be placed at the appropriate location over each muscle as described by Criswell. These electrodes will be securely taped in place using specialized tape as specified by the manufacturer.

Once electrode placement is complete, each participant will first undergo a standardizing reference contraction of each muscle group. For the upper trapezius, this will consist of 1) a 9 second shrug,2) 9 second elevation of the arm to 90 degrees in the empty can position, and 3) a side lying external rotation of the shoulder to 90 degrees. The middle 3 seconds of each trial will be used to record the average electrical activity of each muscle during voluntary contraction.

Participants will then be placed supine on a standard plinth. The investigators will then proceed to provide a mobilizing force to the subject's glenohumeral joints. Each of two investigators will, in sequence perform a 15 second longitudinal distraction, followed by a 15 second posteriorly directed glenohumeral glide with the shoulder placed in the open pack resting position (~50 degrees abduction, slight horizontal adduction, external rotation). The middle 5 seconds will be captured for mean electrical activity at each of the three previously identified muscles. Following completion of the mobilizations by the second investigator, the electrodes will be removed, and the subject's participation will be complete.

Data analysis will include basic subject demographics such as age, gender, and handedness. Tests of between group difference will be analyzed for each mobilization and tester condition. Data will be analyzed comparing mean EMG values during mobilization compared to the active contraction using the reference voluntary contraction (RVC) method, as this has been shown be a more accurate comparator for low levels of muscle activity.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 20
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 64 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy individuals and subjects with shoulder pain
• ages 18-64
• all subjects must be ambulatory, able to transfer onto a standard treatment plinth, and able to tolerate lying supine (on their back) for a minimum of 15 minutes.

Exclusion Criteria:

• recent (6 months) shoulder surgery
• shoulder replacement on the involved side
• any history of shoulder fractures
• active cancer or metastatic disease
• coagulation disorders
• current pregnancy
• rheumatoid arthritis
• active litigation for current injury
• active workman's compensation for current injury
• osteoporosis

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: SINGLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Painful shoulders; Subjects with shoulder pain undergoing glenohumeral mobilization	Other: Glenohumeral mobilization; Participants will then be placed supine on a standard plinth. The investigators will then proceed to provide a mobilizing force to the participant's glenohumeral joints. Each of two investigators will, in sequence perform a 15 second longitudinal distraction, followed by a 15 second posteriorly directed glenohumeral glide with the shoulder placed in the open pack resting position (~50 degrees abduction, slight horizontal adduction, external rotation).
Active Comparator: Normal shoulders; Subjects without shoulder pain undergoing glenohumeral mobilization	Other: Glenohumeral mobilization; Participants will then be placed supine on a standard plinth. The investigators will then proceed to provide a mobilizing force to the participant's glenohumeral joints. Each of two investigators will, in sequence perform a 15 second longitudinal distraction, followed by a 15 second posteriorly directed glenohumeral glide with the shoulder placed in the open pack resting position (~50 degrees abduction, slight horizontal adduction, external rotation).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
EMG activity of the rotator cuff using % reference voluntary contraction method	EMG activity collected during the intervention will be compared to the baseline reference contractions.	EMG data will be collected simultaneously during the intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Texas Woman's University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: March 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2015
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 29, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 7, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): July 8, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 19, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 18, 2018
• Last Verified: June 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Manual therapy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Joint Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Arthralgia; Shoulder Pain
• Other Study ID Numbers: RCEMG