Effects of a Volunteer-based Lunch Program on Feelings of Loneliness in Elders

Effects of a Pilot Volunteer-based Lunch Program on Feelings of Loneliness in Elders: a Randomized Control Trial

Background: There is a need for stronger community involvement with the elderly, specifically those with feelings of loneliness. Large proportions of elders in previous studies reported feelings of loneliness, and loneliness at advanced ages is a growing trend seen within the last thirty years despite advances in technology and social media. We propose a randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness of a volunteer-based lunch program on decreasing feelings of loneliness in elderly participants.

Methods: Lonely elders in the community will be identified and matched with a trained medical student. Each student will bring provided lunches once a week to their elder participant's residence, and they will share lunch together for an hour once a week for six weeks. Enrollees are eligible for the study if they are over 60 years of age, speak English, have feelings of loneliness on the three-item scale, and display no cognitive impairment. The participants will be assessed pre and post intervention using the R-UCLA scale for loneliness, PHQ-9 for depressive symptoms, and GAD-7 for feelings of anxiety. Participant satisfaction will be assessed using Likert items as well as open-ended questions. Intervention group responses will be compared to responses of participants that did not receive the lunch meeting intervention.

Discussion: Success of such a companion lunch program would provide an effective route to combat loneliness in the elderly.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Depression; Anxiety; Loneliness; Aged
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Lunch with Medical Student; Other: Control

Detailed Description

Since the 1960's, the elderly population in the United States has grown steadily. By 2030, one in three people in the U.S. will be over the age of 65. In addition to being at a greater risk for chronic disease, the elderly are also more vulnerable to being socially isolated and lonely. Simply living alone does not appear to be a significant predictor of loneliness, as the elderly could still have a strong support network while living alone, but prevalence data suggests that one in three adults over the age of 65 are lonely. Furthermore, the oldest of the elderly seem to be the loneliest. Dykstra et al. in a 2009 study estimate 40 to 50 percent of those aged 80 or older to be lonely.

Loneliness has been previously defined as the difference between desired and actual relationships, and there is a distinction between loneliness and social isolation. While being considered socially isolated is due to lack of social contact, loneliness is assessed by perceptions of social isolation. Feelings of disconnect, isolation, and not belonging are much more indicative of loneliness than simple aloneness and lack of social contact. Not having a support network or anyone to confide in can lead to feelings of social isolation, and despite advances in technology and the development of social media, feelings of loneliness have increased in the past thirty years. The proportion of Americans who said they had no one to talk to about important matters increased from 10% in 1985 to 25% in 2004. This is an alarming trend because social support has been consistently shown to increase the likelihood of survival. In a meta-analytic review from 2009, participants with strong social relationships and support were found to have a 50 percent increased likelihood of survival. Additionally, a 2013 study found that mortality rates were significantly higher among socially isolated and lonely elders. Loneliness has a profound effect on our healthcare system and has been linked to a higher degree of healthcare utilization. In a Swedish study from 2014, researchers found that lonely elders use more outpatient services than non-lonely elders. In 2015, Gerst et al. found that the large proportion of elders over 60 years old that reported feelings of loneliness had a significantly higher physician visit rate.

There is a demonstrated need for intervention in this lonely, elderly population, with significant public health implications. A randomized control trial from 1999 implementing a visitor volunteer program for the elderly showed that strong community involvement increased the participants' feelings of worth, social integration, and life satisfaction. More recently, a local food delivery project in Tampa showed that weekly food delivery to an at-risk elderly population decreased participants' feelings of loneliness and increased their measured well-being over the course of two months. While both pilot programs had short evaluation periods, they demonstrated the effectiveness of volunteer-based community involvement. Combining a visitor volunteer program with a food delivery service could serve to effectively combat the elderly community's feelings of loneliness and social isolation.

A local food delivery project in Tampa showed that weekly food delivery to an at-risk elderly population decreased participants' feelings of loneliness and increased their measured well-being over the course of two months. Even though it demonstrated the effectiveness of volunteer-based community involvement, the project was constructed as a pretest-posttest, descriptive study using convenience sampling, and feelings of loneliness were evaluated as a secondary objective using a three-item loneliness screener. In our study, we plan to measure the effects of adding a volunteer visitor to the lunch program; that is, to see if eating meals with a medical student can decrease feelings of loneliness when compared with simply receiving meals through Meals on Wheels. Our study is designed as a randomized control trial in which seniors will be randomly assigned to two groups: paired with a medical student for lunch or not paired with a medical student while still receiving meals.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 16
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Florida
    • Tampa, Florida, United States, 33620
      • Morsani College of Medicine

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 60 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Enrollees are eligible for the study if they speak English, have feelings of loneliness on the three-item scale, are able to give written consent, and answer surveys.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Elders who are unable to give informed consent or complete trial documentation.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention; Seniors receiving daily meals from Meals on Wheels. Intervention: Lunch with Medical Student.	Other: Lunch with Medical Student; Each student will bring provided lunches once a week to their elder participant's residence, and they will share lunch together for an hour once a week for six weeks. Students will enroll as Meals on Wheels volunteers and participate in the Meals on Wheels pre-program training. On the day of their scheduled lunch, students will first arrive at the Meals on Wheels designated meal-drop location and pick up two lunches, one for them and one for their assigned elder. They will then drive to their assigned elder's residence and eat lunch with them for one hour.
Placebo Comparator: Control; Seniors receiving daily meals from Meals on Wheels	Other: Control; Students will not bring provided lunches to an elder participant's residence. The elder participants in this arm will simply continue receiving daily meals from Meals on Wheels with no accompanying student.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Revised-UCLA (R-UCLA) Scale	Investigators will measure change from baseline feelings of loneliness in elderly participants. Responses are scored from 20 (minimum) to 80 (maximum). Only total scores are reported. Lower values represent a better outcome, i.e. less feelings of loneliness.	Survey will be administered on both study groups twice; once before and once after the six-week period.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)	We will measure change from baseline feelings of depression in elderly participants. Responses are scored from 0 (minimum) to 27 (maximum). Only total scores are reported. Lower values represent a better outcome, i.e. less feelings of depression.	Survey will be administered on both study groups twice; once before and once after the six-week period.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) Scale	We will measure change from baseline feelings of anxiety in elderly participants. Responses are scored from 0 (minimum) to 21 (maximum). Only total scores are reported. Lower values represent a better outcome, i.e. less feelings of anxiety.	Survey will be administered on both study groups twice; once before and once after the six-week period.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of South Florida
• Collaborators: The Arnold P. Gold Foundation
• Investigators: Study Director: Lucy Guerra, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, USF College of Medicine Internal Medicine

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies. Res Aging. 2004;26(6):655-672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574.
• Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
• Lawson, V. and K. Kinsella, Aging in the United States: Past, present, and future. 1996, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
• Perissinotto CM, Stijacic Cenzer I, Covinsky KE. Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 23;172(14):1078-83. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993.
• Dykstra PA. Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. Eur J Ageing. 2009 Jun;6(2):91-100. doi: 10.1007/s10433-009-0110-3. Epub 2009 Apr 4.
• McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and M.E. Brashears, Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American sociological review, 2006. 71(3): p. 353-375.
• Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 9;110(15):5797-801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
• Taube E, Kristensson J, Sandberg M, Midlov P, Jakobsson U. Loneliness and health care consumption among older people. Scand J Caring Sci. 2015 Sep;29(3):435-43. doi: 10.1111/scs.12147. Epub 2014 May 14.
• Gerst-Emerson K, Jayawardhana J. Loneliness as a public health issue: the impact of loneliness on health care utilization among older adults. Am J Public Health. 2015 May;105(5):1013-9. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302427. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
• MacIntyre I, Corradetti P, Roberts J, Browne G, Watt S, Lane A. Pilot study of a visitor volunteer programme for community elderly people receiving home health care. Health Soc Care Community. 1999 May;7(3):225-232. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2524.1999.00178.x.
• Wright L, Vance L, Sudduth C, Epps JB. The Impact of a Home-Delivered Meal Program on Nutritional Risk, Dietary Intake, Food Security, Loneliness, and Social Well-Being. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;34(2):218-27. doi: 10.1080/21551197.2015.1022681.
• Cattan M, Kime N, Bagnall AM. The use of telephone befriending in low level support for socially isolated older people--an evaluation. Health Soc Care Community. 2011 Mar;19(2):198-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00967.x. Epub 2010 Nov 29.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 15, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 17, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): May 15, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 26, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 7, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): June 11, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 22, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 18, 2019
• Last Verified: July 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Depression
• Other Study ID Numbers: Pro00034170

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: We will ensure that all data collected during the trial is handled confidentially and accessed only by members of the team. We will store participants' details on a secure database. We will assign participants an individual specific trial number and we will anonymize their details.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No