Alcohol Intervention for First Year College Students

Refining and Piloting a Text Messaging Intervention to Delay Alcohol Initiation and Reduce Alcohol Use Escalation Among Abstainer and Lighter Drinker College Students

While a large focus of research on U.S. college drinking has focused on the prevalence of and problems related to heavy-episodic drinking, less has focused on college students who are either abstainers or lighter drinkers (i.e., for men, drinking 4 or fewer drinks in two hours and 14 or fewer drinks per week; and for women drinking 3 or fewer in two hours and 7 or fewer drinks per week). Over 40% percent of college students ages 18-22 do not report drinking in the past month with only half of those engaging in regular heavy-episodic drinking. Research suggests that a significant proportion of students who were abstinent or light drinkers prior to and upon entering college initiate drinking and progress to becoming heavy-episodic drinkers. This provides evidence that the first few months of college is a high-risk time for initiating both drinking and heavy-episodic drinking and that delaying the onset of heavy-episodic drinking among light drinkers and abstainers should lead to reduced harms throughout the college years and young adulthood. Mobile phone-based interventions are an innovative method for reaching young people and have been established as an empirical approach towards addressing health issues, including alcohol use. The ultimate goal of this proposal is to develop, refine and pilot a text message (TM) intervention for abstainer and lighter drinking first year college students with the ultimate goal of delaying alcohol initiation and/or reducing alcohol use escalation. An iterative process of focus groups, intervention content development, and user feedback focused on the unique experiences of abstainers and lighter drinkers will inform the TM Intervention to be delivered in a pilot study with 6 weeks of TMs. The pilot study will include a 6 week post-intervention assessment, and 3, 6, and 9 month follow-ups among 100 incoming first year abstainer and lighter drinker college students. Given that reducing young adults' and college students' engagement in excessive alcohol use has been listed as a major objective of Healthy People 2020 and a key priority of NIAAA, an intervention that focuses on delaying alcohol initiation and escalation into higher-risk alcohol use among abstainer and lighter drinkers could make important strides to achieving this goal.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Underage Alcohol Use
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Text Messaging Intervention

Detailed Description

The first year at college, and specifically the first 6 weeks of college, has been identified as a critical period particularly influential to college students' alcohol use trajectories. The prevalence of heavy drinking increases rapidly upon college entry relative to pre-college use and patterns of high-risk alcohol use established during the transition to college can result in a range of adverse consequences that persist throughout the academic year. While a large focus of research on U.S. college drinking has been on the prevalence of and problems related to heavy-episodic drinking (4+/5+ drinks in two hours for women/men), less research has focused on college students who are either abstainers (i.e., do not drink any alcohol) or lighter drinkers (i.e., men: 4 or fewer drinks in two hours and 14 or fewer drinks per week; women: 3 or fewer in two hours and 7 or fewer drinks per week). Research indicates that between 21% and 26% of first-year colleges students who were abstinent or light drinkers before college escalated to heavy episodic drinking during their freshman year. Further, over 40% percent of college students ages 18-22 do not report drinking in the past month, with only half of those engaging in regular heavy-episodic drinking. Research indicates that risk cognitions (i.e., prototypes, norms) are associated with initiation and escalation of alcohol use and also tend to peak around the time that individuals transition out of high school and into a riskier college environment. Delaying the onset of heavy-episodic drinking among abstainers and lighter drinkers during the first-year of college, a particularly high-risk period, should lead to reduced related harms throughout both the college years and young adulthood.

Tailoring intervention approaches to students at various levels of risk, including abstainers or lighter drinkers, may greatly increase efficacy and reduce costs associated with universal interventions (King et al., 2008). No single intervention is likely to sufficiently reduce college drinking or consequences; therefore a "mix of strategies is best". An underexplored strategy is delivering intervention content that reinforces existing reasons for not drinking among abstainers and lighter drinkers, with the goal of delaying the initiation of heavy drinking and/or the escalation to heavy drinking during the first year of college. Given that longitudinal findings indicate that stronger endorsement of reasons for drinking lightly or not drinking, such as academic responsibilities, normative influence, and concern for social images are associated with delayed alcohol initiation, lower levels of alcohol use and higher rates of abstention among young adults, including college students, interventions for abstainers and lighter drinkers that focus on reinforcing proximal reasons not to drink or to drink lightly have promise to dissuade students from initiation of drinking or to delay more hazardous drinking patterns later on.

Additionally, mobile phone-based interventions are an innovative method for reaching young people and have been established as an evidence-based, recommended approach towards addressing health issues including alcohol use. Mobile phone text-messaging (TM) offers an innovative technological approach to brief intervention for college students in a mode in which they are familiar and they already use frequently. Presenting preventative intervention content via TM, especially for abstainer and lighter drinking college students, may be one way to delay alcohol use initiation and prevent the escalation of alcohol use during the first year of college. Therefore, the present project has the following primary aims:

Aim 1: Recruit first year college students who are abstainers and lighter drinkers to examine students' reactions to TM intervention content through an iterative process of focus groups, intervention content development, and user feedback, which will inform a new intervention to be delivered in a pilot study (Aim 3).

Aim 2: Through focus groups, elicit responses to timing of the TM intervention, specifically what days and times per week and how many times per day (set within research-established ranges) abstainer and lighter drinkers think receiving TMs will the most useful and impactful to inform TM delivery for the pilot study (Aim 3).

Aim 3: Conduct a pilot study with 6 weeks of TM intervention content, a 6 week post-intervention assessment and 3, 6, and 9 month follow-ups among 100 abstainer or lighter drinking first-year college students to determine feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effect sizes (to estimate power and sample sizes for a future R01). Newly enrolled first-year college students will be randomized to the TM intervention or assessment only control. The investigators hypothesize the TM Intervention will be feasible and acceptable to abstainer and lighter drinking students, including being accessible, usable, convenient, relevant and helpful. The investigators further hypothesize that receiving the TM intervention will be associated with less initiation and escalation of drinking, fewer negative consequences, more favorable prototypes of abstainers and lighter drinkers, greater perceived abstaining and light drinking norms, greater engagement and enjoyment of alternative activities, and greater endorsement of personal goals that do not involve alcohol at the 6 week post-intervention assessment and 3, 6, and 9 month follow-ups relative to assessment only control.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 99
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Fort Worth, Texas, United States, 76107
      • Dana

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 17 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Eligibility criteria includes:

• age 18-19 (see Identity and Age Verification below; If a participant screens in at 18 and turns 20 prior to the focus group, the participant will be allowed to be in the research study.)
• birth date that is consistent with their given age
• first-year college student at the University of North Texas
• valid email address
• have a text messaging plan on their mobile phone
• drinking 14/7 or fewer drinks per week for men/women
• no episodes in the past month of consuming 5/4 drinks in two hours for men/women
• express any willingness to take a sip of alcohol
• if female, must not be pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• willing to participate in focus groups at the University of North Texas

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not meeting inclusion criteria
• unwillingness to participate
• failure to provide consent (e.g., declining participation in the study)
• providing inconsistent responses (e.g., age) identified by the survey
• having already participated in the study as identified by overlap or consistency in computer IP addresses, contact information, and demographics

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Text Messaging Intervention Group; Participants in the Text Messaging Intervention condition will be provided a predetermined number of messages per week (based partially on responses from Phase 2 focus group) for 6 weeks delivered on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, which are the most common days of the week that heavy drinking occurs as well as other days and times that focus group participants indicated would be the most helpful.	Behavioral: Text Messaging Intervention; The content for the text messaging Intervention will be designed to be non-confrontational in tone, seek to increase motivation to drink lightly or not at all, and based both on general information about light and non-drinking as well as information provided during the baseline assessment.
No Intervention: Assessment Only Control; Participants in the assessment only control will not receive any text messages, but will complete all survey assessments on the same schedule as the Text Message Intervention Group.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Acceptability-Number of Participants Who Found the Study Overall Favorable	Item assessing whether participants found the study overall favorable as measured at 6-week follow-up.	6 weeks
Acceptability-proportion of Participants Who Would Recommend the Study	Item assessed by asking whether participants would recommend the study to other first-year college students	6 weeks
Acceptability and Feasibility-ratings of Text Message Content Areas	Text Message Rating Scale- assessed ratings of text message intervention content areas with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 4 with higher numbers being a better outcome (i.e., more acceptable)	6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
6 Week Alcohol Initiation (Number of Participants Who Initiated Drinking)	Number of participants who initiated drinking since the baseline assessment	6 weeks
3 Month Alcohol Initiation (Number of Participants Who Initiated Drinking)	Number of participants who initiated drinking at the 3 month assessment since the 6 week assessment	3 months
6 Month Alcohol Initiation (Number of Participants Who Initiated Alcohol Use)	Number of participants who initiated alcohol use at 6 month assessment since the 3 month assessment	6 months
9 Month Alcohol Initiation (Number of Participants Who Initiated Alcohol Use)	Number of participants who initiated drinking at 9 month assessment since the 6 month assessment	9 months
6 Week Alcohol Quantity (Number of Drinks Per Week)	Number of drinks consumed each week as measured at 6 week assessment	6 weeks
3 Month Alcohol Quantity (Number of Drinks)	Number of drinks consumed each week as measured at 3 month assessment	3 months
6 Month Alcohol Quantity (Number of Drinks Consumed Per Week)	Number of drinks consumed each week as measured at 6 month assessment	6 months
9 Month Alcohol Quantity (Number of Drinks Consumed Per Week)	Number of drinks consumed each week as measured at 9 month assessment	9 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of North Texas Health Science Center
• Collaborators: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Dana M Litt, PhD., University of North Texas Health Science Center

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 20, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 20, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): November 23, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 19, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 21, 2023
• Last Verified: December 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Drinking Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Underage Drinking
• Other Study ID Numbers: R34AA026004 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); 1R34AA026004-01A1 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: A select number of researchers will have access to unidentified participant data at the close of the study.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No