Point-of-care Urine Monitoring of Adherence: Testing a Real-Time Urine Assay of Tenofovir in PrEP (PUMA)

Pilot Trial to Examine the Feasibility, Acceptability and Impact of an Intervention Using a New Urine-based Tenofovir Adherence Assay

Worldwide expansion of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) will be critical to ending the HIV epidemic. However, maintaining daily adherence to PrEP can be difficult and the accuracy of self-reported adherence is often limited by social desirability bias. Pharmacologic adherence monitoring (measuring drug levels in a biomatrix) has been critical to the interpretation of the PrEP trials, but testing usually requires expensive equipment and skilled personnel. We have recently developed a point-of-care (POC) immunoassay to measure tenofovir in urine, allowing real-time adherence monitoring for the first time. We now want to test the acceptability, feasibility and preliminary impact of monitoring adherence in real-time using this novel POC assay with adherence feedback provided to the patient with supportive messaging (versus standard of care adherence counseling).

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Risk Reduction
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: PUMA

Detailed Description

The study is a pilot randomized trial to test the acceptability to participants, feasibility for providers, and impact on long-term metric of adherence among participants (assessed via tenofovir hair levels) of implementing a POC urine tenofovir test to provide real-time adherence feedback and enhanced adherence counseling among women on PrEP in Thika, Kenya. Eligible women (n=100) will be HIV-negative, ≥18 years old, and on PrEP. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to the intervention of providing real-time feedback via the urine assay versus standard-of-care adherence counseling. Acceptability will be assessed by a quantitative survey of participants at the end of the study, as well as by qualitative data collected via in-depth interviews (n=20) and focus group discussions (n=4 groups of 5-10 women each). Feasibility will be assessed by the proportion of women retained in the study, the mean number of missed visits, the proportion of planned urine assessments completed and messages delivered, while in-depth interviews with providers will explore the ease of administering the urine test. Tenofovir levels in hair serve as the long-term metric of adherence.

Feasibility outcome: The investigators will assess the feasibility of the intervention by interviewing health care providers, who will be administering this test at the clinical point of care in the future. The investigators will examine provider perceptions of the assay using in-depth interviews. These key informant interviews will be performed at the end of this study with the healthcare providers (up to 8) who delivered the counseling messages to intervention arm participants after performing the POC urine TFV test. The semi-structured interview guide will draw from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model.200 This model incorporates factors that influence technology acceptance (in this case, of the POC immunoassay): perceived usefulness (performance expectancy), complexity to use (effort expectancy), stigma/social harm (social influence), and benefits (facilitating PrEP adherence among patients). These interviews will also elicit barriers and facilitators to delivering the TFV assay-informed counseling messages.

Acceptability outcome: The investigators will conduct a mixed-methods assessment of the intervention arm participants' experiences with real-time monitoring and feedback at the end of the study. A quantitative survey and a qualitative interview guide for in-depth interviews of participants will draw from the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model.205-212 Quantitative data collection will occur via standardized interviewer-administered questionnaires. Items to be assessed include the following: 1) Feelings about receiving their PrEP adherence results in real time; 2) Likelihood of participating in other studies using a similar design; 3) Likelihood of wanting to receive results of urine testing outside of a study while they are on PrEP; 4) Concern about the privacy and security of the data regarding their urine results; 5) Grading of the potential impact of knowing their urine TFV results on subsequent medication adherence; 6) Advantages and disadvantages of being told about their adherence in real time; 7) Likelihood of taking PrEP just before later study visits because they knew the urine test was being conducted; 8) Preferences regarding a yes/no assay versus an assay that provides information on "high", "moderate" or "low" adherence. A 5-point Likert item format will be used to assess graded items (such as the likelihood of wanting continued urine testing in the context of PrEP; feelings about the urine testing, ranging from negative to positive; concerns about privacy, ranging from low to high; the potential impact of real-time feedback on subsequent adherence, ranging from low to high). Other items (advantages and disadvantages of being told about adherence results) will provide pre-specified options with one "other" option for open-ended text fields.

Adherence outcome: A linear mixed effects linear regression model will estimate the effect of the intervention versus standard-of-care on logarithmically transformed levels of tenofovir in hair.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 100
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Monica Gandhi, MD; Phone Number: 127 415 476 4082; Email: Monica.Gandhi@ucsf.edu
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Purba Chatterjee, MSc; Phone Number: 4154766714; Email: Purba.Chatterjee@ucsf.edu

Study Locations

• Kenya
  • Near Nairobi
    • Thika, Near Nairobi, Kenya
      • KEMRI Partners in Health and Research Development (PHRD), Thika

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Female
• Adult, age ≥18 years old
• HIV-1 uninfected based on a negative HIV-1 rapid test
• Not currently enrolled in an HIV-1 prevention clinical trial

• Not currently in a sero-discordant relationship

  • Already taking PrEP and will be enrolled at the 3-month follow-up visit following PrEP initiation
  • Willing to be randomized to point-of-care tenofovir drug testing
  • Willing/able to provide informed consent to participate in the study
  • No contraindication to use of TDF or FTC
  • Note: Women who are pregnant or breast feeding at screening/enrollment are still eligible

Exclusion Criteria:

• HIV positive women
• under 18 years old

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention Arm; POC adherence testing by a urine TFV assay with feedback	Behavioral: PUMA; Collect urine on intervention participants and screen for presence of TFV. Feedback will be provided to the participant based on the results on their adherence with provision of standard adherence counseling.
No Intervention: Standard of Care; Follow Kenya's PrEP guidelines on standard adherence counselling

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Acceptability of POC urine tenofovir testing among participants	Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews of participants	12 months
Feasibility among healthcare providers of providing test feedback to participants	Interviews of health care providers	12 months
Long-term adherence metrics via hair concentrations of TFV and FTC	Measure TFV and FTC levels in hair samples	12 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
• Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Washington; Kenya Medical Research Institute
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Monica Gandhi, MD, University of California, San Francisco

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Gandhi M, Bacchetti P, Rodrigues WC, Spinelli M, Koss CA, Drain PK, Baeten JM, Mugo NR, Ngure K, Benet LZ, Okochi H, Wang G, Vincent M. Development and Validation of an Immunoassay for Tenofovir in Urine as a Real-Time Metric of Antiretroviral Adherence. EClinicalMedicine. 2018 Aug-Sep;2-3:22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 31.
• Gandhi M, Bacchetti P, Spinelli MA, Okochi H, Baeten JM, Siriprakaisil O, Klinbuayaem V, Rodrigues WC, Wang G, Vincent M, Cressey TR, Drain PK. Brief Report: Validation of a Urine Tenofovir Immunoassay for Adherence Monitoring to PrEP and ART and Establishing the Cutoff for a Point-of-Care Test. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019 May 1;81(1):72-77. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001971.
• Spinelli MA, Glidden DV, Rodrigues WC, Wang G, Vincent M, Okochi H, Kuncze K, Mehrotra M, Defechereux P, Buchbinder SP, Grant RM, Gandhi M. Low tenofovir level in urine by a novel immunoassay is associated with seroconversion in a preexposure prophylaxis demonstration project. AIDS. 2019 Apr 1;33(5):867-872. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002135.
• Drain P, Ngure K, Mugo N, Spinelli M, Chatterjee P, Bacchetti P, Glidden D, Baeten J, Gandhi M. Testing a Real-Time Tenofovir Urine Adherence Assay for Monitoring and Providing Feedback to Preexposure Prophylaxis in Kenya (PUMA): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020 Apr 2;9(4):e15029. doi: 10.2196/15029.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 17, 2021
• Primary Completion (Estimated): March 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Estimated): March 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 30, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 30, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): May 2, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 30, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 26, 2024
• Last Verified: January 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: PrEP, women, Kenya, adherence, POC monitoring, urine test,TDF, immunoassay
• Other Study ID Numbers: AI143340; R01AI167699 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); R01AI143340 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: We will share de-identified data in publicly accessible databases once study is complete and study findings disseminated.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: 48 months from start of study
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Investigators conducting PrEP research.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF; ANALYTIC_CODE; CSR

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No