Virtual Reality Assisted CBT for Social Difficulties: a Feasibility Study in Early Intervention for Psychosis Services

People experiencing psychosis might find social interactions stressful and avoid them. This can result in isolation and can affect relationships, employment and quality of life. Improving social functioning is a really important aspect of recovery. Facing social situations after the first episode of psychosis can be very difficult and provoke intense anxiety. However, research has shown that the earlier intervention is offered, the better the outcome. Therefore, improving therapies for people experiencing their first episode of psychosis is a key target for research. Virtual Reality presents a unique opportunity to bring real-life-type environments into a therapy session to help people to overcome their distress in social situations and make them feel less anxious. Virtual Reality assisted Therapy (VRT) provides a 'safe space' to practice strategies and techniques to help people work towards improving their social functioning, build new ways of coping with stress and assist them in their recovery.

The study uses a standard CBT model and integrates a Virtual Reality environment into it to support exposure and behavioural experiments for social difficulties, which are a key component of treatment.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Psychosis; Social Anxiety; Social Behavior; Paranoia
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Virtual reality assisted CBT

Detailed Description

Participants will be offered up to 10 sessions including a pre and post assessment session. Each participant will set one or more SMART goals for therapy (e.g. be able to use public transport, attend a social gathering or to feel less anxious in social situations) which are worked on both in the therapy sessions and through homework tasks.

This is a feasibility study. The aim is to recruit between 6-10 participants to pilot the VRT with. The results of this study will inform future research and practice, by helping to assess if service-users find the new VRT acceptable (e.g. recruitment, retention, drop out rates, participant experiences), and if it is effective (e.g. reduction in symptoms or distress, and improvement in social functioning).

It is really important that the clinical care of anyone who chooses to participate in the study is not affected by their participation in this study. The researchers will work closely with clinical teams to ensure this. Clients who engage with the study will still be eligible for all aspects of TAU including psychological interventions, should this be appropriate.

The VR technology and environment has been used extensively before in research studies, which have proved that it is safe and effective. However, it has not been used within the NHS context before or embedded within a therapy course before.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • London, United Kingdom
    • Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 63 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The participant must be under the care of an approved research site throughout the period of the study i.e. local early intervention for psychosis clinical team
• The participant must be aged 18-65 and speak English to a conversational level.
• The participant must have experienced or currently be experiencing psychosis, as defined by ICD-10 and DSM-V criteria.
• The participant must have the capacity to consent to the study
• The participant should be experiencing difficulties in social situations (e.g. due to paranoia, social anxiety, poor social skills, low mood or lack of social motivation)

Exclusion Criteria:

• The participant must not have a history of epilepsy OR photosensitivity (any other comorbidity is fine).
• The participant must not currently be in receipt of another psychological therapy at the time of the study (before or after the study is fine).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Active Treatment; This is a case series	Other: Virtual reality assisted CBT; This study uses virtual reality technology to assist cognitive behavioural therapy for social difficulties in people with first episode psychosis.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Recruitment and retention	To assess feasibility and acceptability data will be collected regarding the number of people approached, engaged, dropped out, completed the intervention	From start of study until completion of recruitment, approximately 8 months
Qualitative feedback from clients and therapists about their experiences	To assess feasibility and acceptability feedback from clients and therapists about the experience of the receiving and/or delivering the intervention will be regularly sought via interview.	From start of study until completion of intervention, approximately 10 months
Study resources	To assess feasibility and acceptability the resources required for the intervention will be recorded (e.g. from training and supervising therapists, to room space, technological kit and support required etc.) as observations.	From start of study until completion of intervention, approximately 10 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - mood	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in mood before and after receiving the intervention using the PHQ-8 (a self report questionnaire measure of depression).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - anxiety	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in anxiety before and after receiving the intervention using the GAD-7 (a self report questionnaire measure of generalised anxiety).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - social anxiety 1	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in social anxiety before and after receiving the intervention using the Social Anxiety and Distress Scale (SADS; a self report questionnaire measure of social anxiety and distress).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - social anxiety 2	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in social anxiety before and after receiving the intervention using the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE; a self report questionnaire measure of fear of negative evaluation in the context of social anxiety).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - paranoid thoughts	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in paranoid thoughts before and after receiving the intervention using the Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS; a self report questionnaire measure of paranoid thoughts).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - interpersonal sensitivity	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in interpersonal sensitivity before and after receiving the intervention using the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (IPSM; a self report questionnaire measure of interpersonal sensitivity).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - symptom related distress	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in symptom related distress before and after receiving the intervention using the CORE-10 (a self report questionnaire measure of symptom related distress).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Pre and post therapy psychometric assessment - loneliness	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, psychometric data will be collected pre and post intervention to assess change in experience of loneliness before and after receiving the intervention using the UCLA Loneliness scale (UCLAL-20; a self report questionnaire measure of interpersonal sensitivity).	Start and end of each individual intervention at approximately 10-16 week interval, up to 10 months
Progress towards individualized SMART goal	To assess the potential intervention efficacy, clients will set a SMART goal to work on during therapy. Progress towards achieving this goal will be assessed using scaling questions throughout therapy.	Start, middle and end of each individual intervention within approximately 10-16 week window, up to 10 months
Adverse effects	To assess for any potential adverse effects of the intervention, e.g. increase in symptoms/ reduction in functioning, clients will be asked to complete a questionnaire assessing this at the end of the intervention or if they drop out from the study. This questionnaire has been co-developed with a peer researcher for the purposes of the study.	At completion of each intervention or when clients drop out from the study, up to 10 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: King's College London

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 23, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 10, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 16, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): March 17, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 8, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 31, 2022
• Last Verified: March 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; Psychotic Disorders; Mental Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 255964

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No