Convalescent Plasma vs Human Immunoglobulin to Treat COVID-19 Pneumonia

November 26, 2020 updated by: Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo

Efficacy and Safety of Convalescent Plasma vs Human Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: On December 2019, a new human coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was detected in China. Its infectivity and virulence characteristics caused a rapid spread, being declared pandemic on March 2020. The mortality attributed to the infection ranges between 3 and 10%. Main risk factors are age, male sex, and chronic degenerative comorbidities. Due to the absence of therapeutic options, potential alternatives such as human immunoglobulin or plasma from convalescent patients have been administered. Due to the severity of the disease and the associated mortality, it is urgent to find therapeutic alternatives.

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of the administration of Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection.

Material and methods: Randomized Controlled trial of patients diagnosed with respiratory infection by COVID-19, with severe respiratory failure without indication of mechanical ventilation, or those who due to their severity are intubated upon admission. Randomization will be performed 2:1 to receive plasma from convalescent patients or human immunoglobulin.

Outcomes: The primary outcome will be time to discharge from hospital for improvement. The safety outcomes will be: Kirby index (PaO2/FiO2) evolution and dead.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

I. Background:

In late December 2019, the health authorities of the Popular Republic of China reported several cases of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention began etiological and epidemiological research on this disease. Three samples of bronchoalveolar lavage were taken from patients from the Jinyintan hospital in Wuhan and through various processes they came to identify a new coronavirus that they initially called on January 7, 2020 as: 2019-nCoV. On January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) made the first recommendations on the epidemiological surveillance of this new coronavirus.

On January 22, 2020, the first session of the Emergencies Committee was convened by WHO in Geneva, Switzerland and on January 30 a Public Health Emergency of International Importance (ESPII) was declared.

On February 11, the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy named this new coronavirus as SARS-CoV-2 and responds to "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 "(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2), the WHO proposes that same day to call the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as COVID-19.

The first case reported in Latin America was in Brazil on February 26 and on the 28th of the same month, Mexico communicates its first confirmed case of the new coronavirus in a 35-year-old patient from a trip to Italy.

Given the alarming levels of spread and severity of COVID-19, on March 11, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declares the SARS-CoV-2.5 outbreak as a pandemic. A high percentage of patients especially over 50 y with comorbidities require hospitalization and intensive care. Mortality of patients with invasive mechanical intubation has been reported up to 61% .

At this time, there are no treatment that has shown clinical efficacy, so the plasma from convalescent patients and human immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been proposed as alternatives.

Human immunoglobulin:

There are no controlled studies with the use of IVIG for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. In observational reports it was found in three patients with early forms in patients hospitalized for pneumonia secondary to COVID-19, treated with IVIG at a dose of 0.3 - 0.5 gr / kg. All three patients showed clinical improvement, so this study justified the start of a clinical trial.

An observational experience with important limitations in its report, describes the experience with 58 patients with severe pneumonia who found differences in mortality at 28 days when they divided the groups according to the IVIG administration time (48 hours), emphasizing the importance of early application.

In similar situations historically diverse scenarios have been found where IVIG has been administered with apparent success. However, there are no clinical trials supporting its use.

Convalescent patient plasma:

The use of plasma from convalescent patients for the treatment of severe infection by COVID19 has been considered as a first-line therapeutic option since the start of the pandemic. The seroconversion of the patients during the first months of the outbreak was unknown, being an obstacle to recommend this type of treatment. Very recently, the serological behavior of 285 patients was published; 100% of the patients have detected antibodies 19 days after detection of the virus.

The experiences reported so far are only case series without simultaneous comparative groups. Viral clearance has been effective, in all included patients in a small series of 6 patients. This viral clearance was not accompanied by mortality benefits, the authors suggesting that it was probably due to the late administration of plasma.

Data supporting the use of convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are limited to case reports and case series. Use in case series for severe infections due to MERS, Ebola and influenza have reported clinical improvement, although none of the studies were conducted comparatively.

Risks associated with plasma transfusion include TRALI, transfusion-associated circulatory overload, and allergic transfusion reactions. Rare complications include transmission of infectious diseases and alloimmunization of red blood cells.

Clinical trials are underway to evaluate both convalescent plasma and IVIG from SARS-CoV-2 for the treatment of COVID-19.

The FDA has approved a national expanded access program for the use of convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Physicians can refer to the National Convalescent Plasma Project COVID-19 website for more information. People who have fully recovered from COVID-19 for at least two weeks and are interested in donating plasma can contact their local blood donor or plasma collection center or consult the American Red Cross website.

The national transfusion center in Mexico has published guidelines for the use of serum from convalescent patients.

II. Definition of the problem:

COVID-19 infection has had a high rate of spread. In patients with comorbidities and over 50 years, the infection has presented the highest rate of respiratory deterioration and the requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation. Due to the absence of specific treatment, various alternatives have been explored. In critically ill patients, the administration of human immunoglobulin and plasma from convalescent patients have emerged as potential rescue therapies. The proposed treatments have an adequate margin of safety due to routine clinical use in other settings. Due to this, in conjunction with the urgent need to seek therapeutic alternatives, controlled studies are required without assuming efficacy.

III. Justification COVID-19 infection has collapsed health systems in almost all the countries due to the large number of patients requiring respiratory assistance.

There is no standard treatment for the management of this infection and the focus has been on the already known life support and management of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome in critically ill patients.

The treatments used empirically have an adequate safety profile due to the experience in other clinical settings.

The use of these empirical alternatives should be based on clinical trials since efficacy and safety should not be assumed in the group of patients with COVID-19.

The Miguel Hidalgo Centennial Hospital has been designated as a hospitalization center for COVID-19 patients who do not have Social Security in the state of Aguascalientes.

IV. Hypothesis

In patients with COVID19 infection with severe respiratory failure or requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, plasma treatment of convalescent patients will be superior to immunoglobulin, with a shorter hospital stay and a lower rate of complications: deterioration of the oxygenation index or death.

V. General objectives.

To assess the safety and efficacy of plasma administration of convalescent patients or immunoglobulin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection with severe respiratory failure or requiring mechanical ventilation.

Assess viral clearance time using PCR

VI. Methodology

Randomized controlled trial, Included patients will be randomized (2:1) to receive one of two maneuvers:

Group 1: Plasma donated from convalescent patients will be extracted in strict compliance with the following criteria:

  • History of a clinical event with symptoms attributed to COVID-19 and a positive PCR test for COVID-19
  • Further confirmation of a negative PCR test for COVID-19
  • In order to be eligible plasma donors must complete at least 14 days after the last negative PCR in the absence of any symptom attributable to COVID-19 infection
  • IgG antibodies for COVID-19 must be confirmed POSITIVE when a qualitative assay is being used
  • When quantification of IgG antibodies for COVID-19 is available a title > 1: 640 will be required for inclusion.
  • Apheresis will be used as the only method for plasma extraction. Infusion of 400 ml of Plasma will be infused

Group 2: Human immunoglobulin 0.3 gr / kg (5 doses)

VII. Definition of the variables:

Days of hospitalization: Days from admission as a suspected case of COVID with hospitalization criteria until discharge.

Hospital discharge criteria: negative PCR for COVID-19, oxygen saturation in ambient air > 90%, absence of fever and dyspnea.

Oxygen supplementation requirement: This is based on the modality and FiO2 necessary to maintain a saturation of 90% of ambient air without respiratory distress.

Respiratory distress syndrome: Respiratory rate greater than 25 x minute and use of accessory muscles.

Respiratory failure: Saturation to ambient air below 90% or PO2 below 60 mmHg. Septic Shock: Requirement of vasoactive amines to maintain mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg, in a patient previously with adequate water resuscitation.

SOFA: Organic failure scale that includes: PaO2 / FiO2 ratio, platelet count, bilirubin, blood pressure, Glasgow scale and kidney function.

APACHE 2: Morbidity scale in intensive care. PaO2 / FiO2 Index: Ratio of oxygen pressure to inspired fraction of oxygen RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2: Quantitative measurement by RT-PCR method usually performed on blood. It will be evaluated as a start for diagnosis and then a test will be repeated on days 5, 14 and 21 to assess viral clearance.

Inflammatory markers: Laboratory studies used as markers of disease severity, consist of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, blood cytometry, dimer-D, ferritin.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

196

Phase

  • Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Mexico
      • Aguascalientes, Mexico, 20259
        • Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

16 years to 90 years (Child, Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Patients who are admitted to Hospital Centers with a positive RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test or a CT scan compatible with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, in addition to one of the following two criteria:

    1. Severe respiratory failure [respiratory rate> 25 - <35 x minute, oxygen saturation ≤ 90% with reservoir mask (FiO2 = 100%)]
    2. Requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients with a viral infection other than COVID-19

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Severe pneumonia due to COVID-19

Patients who are admitted to Hospital Centers with a positive RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test or a CT scan compatible with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, in addition to one of the following two criteria:

  1. Severe respiratory failure [respiratory rate> 25 - <35 x minute, oxygen saturation ≤ 90% with reservoir mask (FiO2 = 100%)]
  2. Requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.
Drug: Plasma from COVID-19 convalescent patient

Infusion of 400 ml (2 units) of plasma.

Plasma donated from convalescent patients will be extracted in strict compliance with the following criteria:

  • History of a clinical event with symptoms attributed to COVID-19 and a positive PCR test for COVID-19
  • Further confirmation of a negative PCR test for COVID-19
  • In order to be eligible plasma donors must complete at least 14 days after the last negative PCR in the absence of any symptom attributable to COVID-19 infection
  • IgG antibodies for COVID-19 must be confirmed POSITIVE when a qualitative assay is being used
  • When quantification of IgG antibodies for COVID-19 is available a title > 1: 640 will be required for inclusion.
  • Apheresis will be used as the only method for plasma extraction.
Active Comparator: Severe pnemonia due to COVID-19

Patients who are admitted to Hospital Centers with a positive RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test or a CT scan compatible with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, in addition to one of the following two criteria:

  1. Severe respiratory failure [respiratory rate> 25 - <35 x minute, oxygen saturation ≤ 90% with reservoir mask (FiO2 = 100%)]
  2. Requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.
Drug: Human immunoglobulin
Human immunoglobulin 0.3 gr/kg/day (5 doses)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Mean hospitalization time
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Mean days from admission as a suspected case of COVID with hospitalization criteria until discharge
Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Mean Oxigenation index evolution
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Mean of delta of oxigenation index (PaO2/FiO2)
Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Rate of severe ARDS
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Rate of patients with evolution to severe ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 < 100)
Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Rate and time to dead
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Rate of Dead caused by COVID-19 related complications and time to dead caused by COVID-19 complication
Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Mean time with invasive mechanical ventilation
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months
Mean time with invasive mechanical ventilation
Through study completion, an average of 3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Time to Viral PCR Negativization
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 3 months.
Time to negativization of RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 test.
Through study completion, an average of 3 months.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 6, 2020

Primary Completion (Actual)

November 26, 2020

Study Completion (Actual)

November 26, 2020

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

May 6, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 7, 2020

First Posted (Actual)

May 11, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

November 30, 2020

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 26, 2020

Last Verified

May 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2020-A-10

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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