Comparing Sports Bra Design in Full Busted Women

The goal of the current project is to assess performance of the Bounceless Control sports bra versus: (1) the Shefit Ultimate Sports bra, and (2) conventional bra as worn by participants in a variety of athletic activities.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Back Pain; Chest Pain; Neck Pain; Body Image; Weight, Body; Mastalgia; Activity, Motor; Aging Well; Breast Pain; Back Pain, Low; Back Strain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Bounceless bra; Other: Shefit bra; Other: Conventional bra

Detailed Description

Research has shown that during activities such as running and jumping, bare breasts move up and down as much as 12 cm. This is due to insufficient anatomical support within the breasts (https://sma.org.au/resources-advice/injury-fact-sheets/exercise-and-breast-support/).

Conventional bras do not provide enough breast support during athletic activities. Additionally, dynamic breast movement induces motion/slippage of conventional bra straps, skin chaffing due to friction, and skin irritation/abrasion/soreness due to impression of metal fixtures (e.g., hooks, underwires, etc.) within the bras. In response to the inadequacies of conventional bras, the first sports bras were invented in 1977. The sports bra (originally known as the "Jogbra") is considered a groundbreaking item which helped remove a major barrier to women's participation in athletic activities. The original Jogbra was created by sewing 2 mens athletic supports together.

While the design of Jogbra was simple in its original form, updates to modern materials and sewing techniques over the past 45 years has spawned a wide variety of sports bras that are available worldwide. Modern sports bras vary in materials and construction techniques. These features dictate the sizes available for the bras was well as recommended uses for the bras. Most commercially available sport bras are designed for low to medium impact activities in sizes ranging from extra small (US bra size 32A) to extra large (40C). The design of most of these sports bras are similar to the original Jogbra design.

Despite the availability of sports bras in many sizes, materials, and constructions, women with larger breasts (cup sizes C+) still experience excessive breast movement during exercise, even while wearing a sports bra. Such movement is uncomfortable and may be embarrassing. Both breast discomfort and embarrassment are recognized as significant barriers to physical activity in women. Women with larger breast sizes thus require greater support from their sports bra (https://sma.org.au/resources-advice/injury-fact-sheets/exercise-and-breast-support/).

Unfortunately, due to the commercial desire to keep costs as low as possible in production of sports bras, the materials and designs used in most sports bras remain inadequate for women with larger breast sizes. In many cases, women with larger breast continue to wear a conventional bra underneath a sports bra or 2 sports bras together for increased breast support during athletic activities.

Recently, 2 companies (Shefit and Bounceless) have attempted to address this issue in the marketplace. Shefit is the larger of the 2 companies working to offer more supportive sports bra options. A recent study of sports bra performance in women with breast sizes ranging from AA-DD found that the Shefit Ultimate Sports bra performed similar to other sports bras offered by large manufacturers of athletic equipment (e.g., Nike, Underarmor) (Gibson et al. 2019). The Bounceless project was omitted from such testing. The Bounceless Control sports bra offers additional support beyond the Shefit Ultimate Sports bra as it is a long line (additional fabric that extends below the bust) sports bra with an internal breast band to support breasts during activity while also preventing multidirectional accelerations of breast material during activity.

The goal of the current project is to assess performance of the Bounceless Control sports bra versus: (1) the Shefit Ultimate Sports bra, and (2) conventional bra as worn by participants in a variety of athletic activities.

References:

Gibson TM, Balendra N, Ustinova KI, Langenderfer JE. Reductions in Kinematics from Brassieres with Varying Breast Support. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2019;12(1):402-411.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 33
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77204-6015
      • University of Houston

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 55 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Able to provide informed consent
2. Age of 18 to 55 years
3. Female sex at birth
4. Self-declared breast size of D-G cup (US sizes: D, DD/E, DDD/F, DDDD/G)
5. Bra band size between 32-40"
6. International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) score of 3 or higher
7. An answer of "NO" to any item of the general health questions of the PARQ+
8. No history of surgery to: back, neck, or shoulders
9. No history of breast reconstruction
10. No history of spinal cord injury (SCI)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Inability to provide informed consent
2. Age 17 years old or younger or 56 years or older
3. Male sex at birth

k. Self-declared breast size of smaller than D cup or larger than G cup (US sizes) d. Bra band size outside of the range 32-40" e. IPAQ-SF score of 2 or lower f. An answer of "YES" to any item of the general health questions of the PARQ+ g. Diagnosis of Type I Diabetes, Diagnosis of Type II Diabetes, Type III Diabetes, Latent Autoimunne diabetes in adults (LADA), or current Gestational Diabetes h. History of limb amputation (upper or lower extremity) i. Presence of open pressure sores on the upper or lower extremities j. History of breast augmentation, reconstruction, or mastectomy k. Currently pregnant or lactating/breastfeeding l. History of surgery to: back, neck, or shoulders m. History of the following neurological diseases: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Dementia (of any form), Huntington's Disease, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Spinal cord injury (SCI), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Polio, Paraproteinaemic Demyelinating Neuropathy (PDN) and/or Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS), Myasthenia Gravis, Muscular Dystrophy, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorder or other hereditary neuropathies, or pain in the extremities (shoulder, elbows, wrist, fingers, hips, knees, ankles, or feet) that severely limit activities of daily living.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Conventional bra; Measurement of kinematic and kinetic data during physical activities while participant is wearing their own conventional bra.	Other: Bounceless bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a provided Bounceless bra (bra condition #2a).; Other: Shefit bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a provided Shefit bra (bra condition #2b).
Active Comparator: Bounceless bra; Measurement of kinematic and kinetic data during physical activities while participant is wearing provided Bounceless bra.	Other: Shefit bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a provided Shefit bra (bra condition #2b).; Other: Conventional bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a conventional bra (bra condition #1).
Active Comparator: Shefit bra; Measurement of kinematic and kinetic data during physical activities while participant is wearing provided Shefit bra.	Other: Bounceless bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a provided Bounceless bra (bra condition #2a).; Other: Conventional bra; This study involves use of a cross-sectional observation and analysis of behavior using a cross-over approach in assessing breast motion while using a conventional bra (bra condition #1).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Biomechanical Data	Segmental displacement (m)	1 day
Biomechanical Data	Segmental velocity (m/s)	1 day
Biomechanical Data	Segmental acceleration (m/s^2)	1 day
Biomechanical Data	Gait speed (m/s)	1 day
Biomechanical Data	Cadence (Hz)	1 day
Biomechanical Data	Muscle activity (mV)	1 day
Pain Measures	Qualitative assessment of pain via self report (no units)	1 day

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Anthropometry	Height (m)	1 day
Anthropometry	Mass (kg)	1 day
Anthropometry	Percent body fat (%)	1 day
Glycated Hemoglobin	A1c (%)	1 day
Sex-Hormones	Estrone (mg/dL)	1 day
Sex-Hormones	Estradiol (mg/dL)	1 day
Sex-Hormones	Testosterone (mg/dL)	1 day

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Houston
• Collaborators: Bounceless

Publications and helpful links

Helpful Links

• Online Screening Form for Potential Participants

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 20, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 31, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): January 31, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 29, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 12, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): July 13, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 30, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 28, 2023
• Last Verified: November 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Back Pain; Low Back Pain; Chest Pain; Neck Pain; Body Weight; Mastodynia
• Other Study ID Numbers: STUDY00003644

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No