Self-harm Behaviour Among the Most At-risk Adolescents (SH-MARA)

Influences on and Prevention of Self-harm Behaviour Among the Most At-risk Adolescents

In the proposed study, three objectives will be pursued:

1. To develop a method to identify more effectively the acute and long-term risk of adolescents with the most threatening self-harm behaviours.
2. To identify the factors that influence the risk of self-harm behaviours and the success of treatment/treatment of these behaviours in the most at-risk adolescents (changes in these factors).
3. Develop guidelines for more effective treatment of the most at-risk adolescents.

For this purpose, a sample of approximately 200 young people who will be hospitalised for suicide risk (the most at risk in Slovenia) and an approximately equal number of healthy adolescents will be included. At inclusion, the presence of several factors will be assessed by reviewing demographic data, clinical diagnosis, self-assessment questionnaires and clinical psychological tests (CSSRS, B-NSSI-AT, ISAS, LPFS-BF2.0, BPFSC-11, TSCC, PAI, ECR-RS, DASA-YV, ASHRS), social assessment, and blood sampling for genetic analyses (DNA isolation, sequencing, nucleotide sequence recognition, quantification and evaluation of short tandem repeats, identification of methylation sites). Longitudinal tracking of autoaggressive events and heteroaggressive events during hospitalisation will be performed and recorded on an ongoing basis. The risk and protective factors of the adolescents most at risk will be compared with a control group of adolescents. The same factors will be reassessed in the most at-risk adolescents after 6 and 18 months of treatment as usual. The data will be collected in a data entry and storage system that will ensure the privacy of the data entered in accordance with the GDPR.

This will allow the investigators to identify young people at particular risk of severe self-harm behaviour more reliably, to target them for more intensive and effective treatment, and thus to improve their safety, quality of life and prognosis in the short and long term.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Non-Suicidal Self Injury; Self-harm; Personality Disorder, Borderline; Difference, Individual; Epigenetic Disorder; Change; Mental
• Intervention / Treatment: Diagnostic test: Enrollment questionnaire, General questionnaire1, General questionnaire2, General questionnaire3; Diagnostic test: Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS); Diagnostic test: The Brief Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (B-NSSI-AT); Diagnostic test: Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS); Diagnostic test: Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC); Diagnostic test: Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A); Diagnostic test: Inventory Of Statements About Self-Injury; ISAS; Diagnostic test: The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0; LPFSBF 2.0; Diagnostic test: Borderline Personality Features Scale, BPFSC-11; Other: Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression-Youth Version (DASA-YV); Other: Adolescent Self-Harm Risk Scale; ASHRS; Diagnostic test: Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events questionnaire (LITE); Genetic: Genetic methods

Detailed Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT "Influences on and prevention of self-harm behaviour among the most at-risk adolescents".

1. Scientific background Detailed in the attached Study Protocol
2. Detailed description of the work programme 2.1. Content and work programme The study will include a sample of approximately 200 young people who will be hospitalised for suicide risk (the most at risk in Slovenia) and an approximately equal number of healthy adolescents. At enrolment, the investigators will assess the presence of several factors by reviewing demographic data, clinical diagnosis, self-assessment questionnaires, social assessment, clinical psychological tests, rating scales and blood sampling for genetic analyses. They will longitudinally track autoaggressive events and heteroaggressive events in the patients during hospitalisation and keep a running record of them. The risk and protective factors of the most at-risk adolescents will be compared to a control group of healthy adolescents. The same factors in the most at-risk adolescents will be reassessed after 6 and 18 months of treatment. A detailed description of the study design is given in Figure 2 and Table 2 of Study Protocol.

2.2. Subjects: Subjects with inclusion and exclusion criteria are described in Table 2 (Study Protocol, WP2).

2.3. Methods: 2.3.1. Questionnaires and psychodiagnostic tools:

1. Enrollment questionnaire, General questionnaire1, General questionnaire2, General questionnaire3: The questionnaires will cover general and demographic data, information on previous treatments, medication received, mental disorder at discharge (ICD), psychosocial situations (ICD), physical illnesses (ICD), COVID status (vaccinated, recovered, tested), use of psychoactive substances, history of self-harm, suicide attempts, school performance, experience with peers, sexual orientation and identity, residence, family composition, family history of mental disorders, self-harm and suicide attempts.
2. Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS).
3. The Brief Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (B-NSSI-AT).
4. Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A).
5. Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC).
6. Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS).
7. Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression-Youth Version (DASA-YV).
8. Adolescent Self-Harm Risk Scale (ASHRS): this is the scale we developed for the present study.
9. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFSBF 2.0).
10. Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events questionnaire (LITE).
11. Borderline Personality Features Scale (BPFSC-11).
12. Inventory Of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS).

2.3.2. Genetic methods: DNA isolation: The genomic DNA is going to be isolated according to the established laboratory protocol using FlexGene DNA kit (Qiagen Germany) and 5 mL EDTA-blood sample. Isolated DNA will be stored at 4°C.

Sequencing: Sequencing will be performed on available in-house long-read sequencing technology nanopore PromethION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). The ability to detect DNA modifications via differences in the electric current intensity produced from a nanopore read of an unmodified base and that of a modified base, enables the detection of DNA methylation in different CpGs from human natural DNA at epigenome-wide level.

Libraries will be prepared using ligation sequencing kit (SQK-LSK 109, Oxford Nanopore Technologies) in following stages: 1. NEBNext Ultra II End repair / dA-tailing, 2. ligation of the native barcodes, 3. ligation of sequencing adapters, 4. flow cell priming and DNA library loading (Flow Cell Priming Kit, Oxford Nanopore Technologies).

The analysis will be conducted using barcoded participants' DNA, enabling the simultaneous analysis of multiple participant's, by pooling the equimolar amount of DNA into a single pool, based on the observation groups. The sample pooling will reduce the effect of individual epigenome variability and enrich the cohort-specific epigenetic signals, potentially associated with the clinical phenotype.

Bioinformatics Base Calling: From the raw sequencing signal, the nucleotide sequences will be determined using the software tool Guppy, which is based on a predictive neural network model. The identified reads and their reliability will be stored in FASTQ files. For subsequent alignments of long reads, the human genome (GRCh38) will be used as a reference.

Variant Calling: Megalodon software (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) will be utilized for determining nucleotide sequences from the raw signal, alignment of readings on human reference genome and variant calling. The reliability of the findings will be additionally confirmed using the software tool Medaka (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). The tool uses a neural network model to identify genetic variants, based on constructed consensus sequences. Variant data will be stored in VCF files.

Quantification and evaluation of short tandem repetitions: Tandem-genotypes and STRique will be used to detect changes in length of tandem repeats, from aligned long DNA reads. In addition to the aligned reads input, the software tool STRique accepts the raw sequencing signal, based on which a hidden Markov model quantifies and evaluates the likelihood of a change. The validated changes in length of tandem repeats will be stored in TSV files.

Methylation sites detection: Different methylation-calling tools will be utilized using the METEORE software tool. The reliability of the methylated CpG islands found in the results will be demonstrated by the prediction models (random forest and multiple linear regression). Additionally, the detected methylated sites will be compared with the results of the Remora software (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). The locations of reliable methylation sites will be stored in BED and TSV files.

2.4. Conduct of the research "Influences on and prevention of self-harm behaviour among the most at-risk adolescents" The detailed survey process is described in Figure 2 and Table 2 of Study Protocol.

Detailed definition of the work packages of the research "Influences on and prevention of self-harm behaviour among the most at-risk adolescents".

2.4.1. WP 1: Establishment of a working research module on "Influences on and prevention of self-harm behaviour among the most at-risk adolescents".

Lead organisation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Mental Health, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana (UPKL) Participating organisations: the Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics of the Paediatric Clinic of the UKC Ljubljana (KISLD) and the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics of the University of Maribor (FERI) T1: At this stage, all questionnaires were prepared in sets with the corresponding survey numbers.

1. Enrollment kit (Screening questionnaire, CSSRS, B-NSSI-AT)
2. Time1 kit (General Questionnaire1, PAI-A, TSCC, ECR-RS, DASA-YV, ASHRS, LPFSBF 2.0, LITE, BPFSC-11, ISAS), venous blood sample collection for genetic analyses
3. Time2 kit (DASA-YV tracing, Incident Report (commited and prevented), General Questionnaire2)
4. Time3 kit (General Questionnaire3, CSSRS, B-NSSI-AT, PAI-A subscales, TSCC subscales, ECR-RS, DASA-YV, ASHRS, LPFSBF 2.0, LITE, BPFSC-11), venous blood sample collection for genetic analyses.

T2: Development of a protocol for subject enrolment and data acquisition, storage and analysis. This work included the preparation of information materials for subjects and parents/guardians, informed consents/assents and a detailed protocol that will be accessible to the investigators throughout the study.

T3: Preparation of the data entry and storage system: The data entry and storage information system will be prepared so that it will enable data entry via pre-prepared templates for initial and intermediate reporting of measurements. The system will ensure data privacy, as access will be restricted to anonymized data and allowed only for the purposes of analysis (in line with the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR)). The system will ensure that data is safely deleted after the project is completed (according to the GDPR). The information system will be physically located in the Republic of Slovenia, and physical access to the hardware will be limited only to administrative activities by qualified personnel.

T4: Education and training of the working group: This part will consist of several educational sessions for the different members of the working group: a. Patient involvement, involvement of pupils and students of the control group (assessment of the fulfilment of inclusion/exclusion criteria, information about the study, obtaining consent from adolescents and relatives), b. Collection of questionnaire responses, c. Collection of biological samples, d. Data collection during hospitalisation, e. Follow-up. Initial training sessions will be followed by more frequent follow-up of the study processess, possible complications, necessary adjustments of the protocol according to the initial experience (project manager Maja Drobnič Radobuljac) and re-training if necessary.

2.4.2. WP 2: Study and control group recruitment, data collection, patient follow-up.

Lead organisation: UPKL Participating organisations: KISLD and FERI

Objectives:

In this work package the investigators will focus on the involvement of patients and healthy adolescents. The work package includes capturing all patient data at Time 1 and tracking patients during hospitalization until discharge (Time 2) and recapturing data at Time 3 (Figure 2 of Study Protocol). On the control group side, only data at Time 1 will be captured (Figure 2 of Study Protocol). This work package has three main objectives: enrollment of hospitalized and healthy adolescents, data collection and follow-up.

Tasks:

T1: Enrollment of hospitalised adolescents. The Enrollment Kit and the Time1 Kit will be administered (see Figure 2 of Study Protocol), and the Time2 Kit will be administered during hospitalisation and at discharge.

T2: Enrollment of healthy adolescents (control group). The Enrollment Kit and the Time Kit1 will be administered (see Figure 2 of Study Protocol).

T3: Data collection. Data from hospitalised patients will be collected by administering the Enrollment, Time1, Time2 kits (see Figure 2 of Study Protocol). Adolescents in the control group will have the Enrollment and Time1 kits administered immediately on enrollment, no other data will be collected from these adolescents (see Figure 2 of Study Protocol). In the event that any of the adolescents approached appeared to be in need of help for self-injurious behaviour or other overt mental disorders, they will be referred for appropriate treatment.

T4: Tracking. Six and 18 months after the end of the hospitalization, the investigators will contact the patients again and administer the Time3 kit (see Figure 2 of Study Protocol). If any of the adolescents approached appear to need help for self-injurious behaviour or other overt mental disorders, they will be referred for appropriate treatment.

2.4.3. WP 3: Analysis of extracted materials, data entry and statistical analysis Lead organisation: UPKL, KISLD and FERI Participating organisations: UPKL, KISLD and FERI

Objectives:

The first objective is to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of the most threatening forms of self-injurious behaviour in adolescents.

The second aim is to assess the factors that influence change in risk of self-harm behaviour in the most at-risk adolescents.

The third objective is to develop an instrument (scale) for rapid assessment of short- and medium-term risk of self-harm in adolescents (ASHRS).

The details are in the Study Protocol.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 400

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Maja Drobnič Radobuljac; Phone Number: +386 015874840; Email: maja.radobuljac@psih-klinika.si
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Maja Drobnič Radobuljac; Email: maja.radobuljac@psih-klinika.si

Study Locations

• Slovenia
  • Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000
    • Active, not recruiting
    • Medical Faculty - University of Ljubljana
  • Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1000
    • Recruiting
    • University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana
    • Contact: Maja Drobnič Radobuljac, MD, PhD; Phone Number: +386 015874840; Email: maja.radobuljac@mf.uni-lj.si
    • Contact: Sebastijan Mihelič; Phone Number: +386 015874908; Email: sebastijan.mihelic@psih-klinika.si

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 13 years to 18 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

CLINICAL GROUP:

• patients hospitalized in the Intensive Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit or the Unit for Adolescent Psychiatry of the Centre for Mental Health University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana
• aged between 13 and 19 years.
• In the case of consent, parents will also be asked for consent for those under 15 years of age.

CONTROL GROUP:

• 8th grade students in primary school,
• 1st year students in secondary school
• 1st year students in college
• aged 13-19 years
• Attending a regular systematic review. These scheduled regular systematic examinations are accompanied by venous blood sampling.

Description

CLINICAL GROUP:

Inclusion Criteria:

• Suicidality
• Self-harming with no intention to die

Exclusion Criteria:

• Confirmed acute psychotic disorder
• Intellectual disability
• Severe physical illness (e.g. cardiovascular or renal disease)
• Disease of the central nervous system (e.g. encephalitis, brain injury or haemorrhage, epilepsy)
• Acute poisoning (including with psychoactive substances)

CONTROL GROUP:

Inclusion Criteria:

- Age 13-19

Exclusion criteria:

• Suicidality
• Self-harming with no intention to die
• Known mental disorder (e.g. depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability)
• Severe physical illness (e.g. cardiovascular or renal disease)
• Disease of the central nervous system (e.g. encephalitis, brain injury or haemorrhage, epilepsy)
• Acute poisoning (including with psychoactive substances)
• Mental disorder, history of suicidality or self-injurious behaviour in a first-degree relative (a parent or a sibling).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Patients; The Enrollment Kit and Time1 Kit will be administered at enrollment, Time2 Kit will be administered before discharge and Time 3 kit after 6 and 18 months post hospitalization (see Detailed description and Study Protocol). The interventions will be Treatment as usual.	Diagnostic test: Enrollment questionnaire, General questionnaire1, General questionnaire2, General questionnaire3; The questionnaires will cover general and demographic data, information on previous treatments, medication received, mental disorder at discharge (ICD), psychosocial situations (ICD), physical illnesses (ICD), COVID status (vaccinated, recovered, tested), use of psychoactive substances, history of self-harm, suicide attempts, school performance, experience with peers, sexual orientation and identity, residence, family composition, family history of mental disorders, self-harm and suicide attempts.; Diagnostic test: Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS); The questionnaire is scientifically supported, has the most evidence of utility and efficacy, and is internationally accepted. It has been translated into more than 100 different languages, including Slovene. It is easy to use, suitable for all age groups and adapted for successful use outside the hospital setting, for example in schools, colleges, police, military and elsewhere. It contains 2 screening questions on suicidality and 4 more specific questions, 6 items in total. Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, et al. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1266-77.; Diagnostic test: The Brief Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (B-NSSI-AT); used for research purposes to assess the core characteristics of NSSI (form, frequency, function) as well as the secondary characteristics of NSSI (habituation, context of NSSI, perceived impact on life and treatment). Whitlock J, Exner-Cortens D, Purington A. Psychol Assess 2014;26:935-46.; Diagnostic test: Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS); Assesses the pattern of attachment to attachment figures (friend, romantic partner, mother, father) in adults and adolescents. The questionnaire has been officially translated into Slovene and used with several samples of Slovene adults and adolescents. Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000;78:350-65.; Diagnostic test: Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC); The questionnaire helps to assess children's/adolescents' experiences of various traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual violence, peer violence, loss, witnessing violent acts, natural disasters, etc. The questionnaire consists of 6 clinical scales (Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Post-traumatic Stress Symptom, Dissociativeness (two subscales), Sexual Concerns) and 2 validity scales. 6 clinical scales (Anxiety, Depressiveness, Anger, Post-traumatic Stress Symptom, Dissociativeness (two subscales), and 2 validity scales) are included. https://www.center-pds.si/Katalogtestov/Kliničnitesti/Vprašalnikotravmatiziranostiotrokinmladostnik. aspx; Diagnostic test: Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A); An objective-type self-assessment questionnaire for assessing personality in adolescents. It has 264 items to be answered on a 4-point scale. 22 independent scales are obtained (Inconsistency, Rarity, Negative impression, Positive impression, Physical complaints, Anxiety, Anxiety-related disorders, Depressiveness, Mania, Paranoid, Schizophrenia, Borderline traits, Antisocial traits, Alcohol problems, Drug problems, Aggressiveness, Suicidal ideation, Stress, Lack of support, Refusal to deal, Dominance, Warmth). https://www.center-pds.si/Katalogtestov/Kliničnitesti/Vprašalnikzaocenoosebnosti-oblikazamladostnike-PAI-A.aspx; Diagnostic test: Inventory Of Statements About Self-Injury; ISAS; A self-assessment questionnaire used for research purposes to assess the basic characteristics of NSSI (form, frequency, function, time to event). It also assesses the desire to stop. The questionnaire has been previously translated into Slovene and used in a population of adolescents with self-injurious behaviour. Glenn CR, Klonsky ED. One-year test-retest reliability of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS). Assessment. 2011 Sep;18(3):375-8. doi: 10.1177/1073191111411669.; Diagnostic test: The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0; LPFSBF 2.0; A short, user-friendly instrument that gives a quick impression of the expression of personality pathology. It consists of 12 items grouped into two higher-order domains: self-functioning and interpersonal functioning. Participants are asked to rate the 12 items on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely false) to 4 (completely true). A total score (sum of all items), a self-functioning score (sum of items 1-6) and an interpersonal functioning score (sum of items 7-12) can be calculated. Satisfactory internal consistency and promising construct validity have been demonstrated. Sensitivity to change after three months of treatment was high. Weekers LC, Hutsebaut J, Kamphuis JH. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning. Personal Ment Health 2019;13:3-14.; Diagnostic test: Borderline Personality Features Scale, BPFSC-11; The BPFS-C-11 includes BPD indicators such as affective instability, identity problems and negative attitudes. Responses to the items are on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 'not at all true' to 'always true'. Studies have shown construct validity of interpretations of BPFS-C-11 scores through positive associations with other measures of BPD and positive associations with measures of BPD correlates, including emotional dysregulation. In a recent sample, the Cronbach's α over 4 years of follow-up was 0.86, 0.85, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. The scale has been officially translated into Slovenian and will be used with the permission of the authors. It is intended for use by children and adolescents aged 9-11 years and consists of 11 items. Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Temple, J., Newlin, E. An 11-Item Measure to Assess Borderline Traits in Adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC Using IRT . Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 2014;5(1):70-78.; Other: Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression-Youth Version (DASA-YV); It's a professional assessment tool which provides a daily assessment of the risk of heteroaggression. The evaluation is efficient and takes less than five minutes. The nurse in charge of each patient completes the DASA-YV once a day. Dutch SG, Patil N. Validating a Measurement Tool to Predict Aggressive Behavior in Hospitalized Youth. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2019;25:396-404.; Other: Adolescent Self-Harm Risk Scale; ASHRS; It's a professional assessment tool which provides a daily assessment of the risk of heteroaggression. This is the scale we developed for the present study. It will be used to assess and predict the short-term risk of self-harm behaviour during hospitalisation (assessment at admission) and the long-term risk after discharge (assessment at discharge).; Diagnostic test: Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events questionnaire (LITE); Is a short checklist for screening and assessing the exposure to trauma in children and adolescents. It covers a broad range of potentially upsetting situations that can cause trauma to children and adolescents, such as a car accident, fire, death of a family member, exposure to threats, sexual assault, or witnessing violence. The questionnaire had been validated on a Slovene population of children and adolesscents. Greenwald R, Rubin A. Assessment of posttraumatic symptoms in children: development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Res Soc Work Pract. (1999) 9:61-75. doi: 10.1177/104973159900900105 Uršicˇ K, Bucik V, Klemencˇ icˇ S, Bratina N, Battelino T, Dovcˇ K and Drobnicˇ Radobuljac M (2021) Validation of the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events (LITE-S/P) Questionnaires in Children and Adolescents in Slovenia. Front. Psychiatry 12:665315. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665315; Genetic: Genetic methods; DNA isolation, Sequencing, Libraries preparation, Analisys; Bioinformatics (Base Calling, Variant Calling, Quantification and evaluation of short tandem repetitions, Methylation sites detection).
Controls; The Enrollment Kit and the Time Kit1 will be administered (see Detailed description and Study Protocol).	Diagnostic test: Enrollment questionnaire, General questionnaire1, General questionnaire2, General questionnaire3; The questionnaires will cover general and demographic data, information on previous treatments, medication received, mental disorder at discharge (ICD), psychosocial situations (ICD), physical illnesses (ICD), COVID status (vaccinated, recovered, tested), use of psychoactive substances, history of self-harm, suicide attempts, school performance, experience with peers, sexual orientation and identity, residence, family composition, family history of mental disorders, self-harm and suicide attempts.; Diagnostic test: Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS); The questionnaire is scientifically supported, has the most evidence of utility and efficacy, and is internationally accepted. It has been translated into more than 100 different languages, including Slovene. It is easy to use, suitable for all age groups and adapted for successful use outside the hospital setting, for example in schools, colleges, police, military and elsewhere. It contains 2 screening questions on suicidality and 4 more specific questions, 6 items in total. Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, et al. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1266-77.; Diagnostic test: The Brief Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Tool (B-NSSI-AT); used for research purposes to assess the core characteristics of NSSI (form, frequency, function) as well as the secondary characteristics of NSSI (habituation, context of NSSI, perceived impact on life and treatment). Whitlock J, Exner-Cortens D, Purington A. Psychol Assess 2014;26:935-46.; Diagnostic test: Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS); Assesses the pattern of attachment to attachment figures (friend, romantic partner, mother, father) in adults and adolescents. The questionnaire has been officially translated into Slovene and used with several samples of Slovene adults and adolescents. Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000;78:350-65.; Diagnostic test: Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC); The questionnaire helps to assess children's/adolescents' experiences of various traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual violence, peer violence, loss, witnessing violent acts, natural disasters, etc. The questionnaire consists of 6 clinical scales (Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Post-traumatic Stress Symptom, Dissociativeness (two subscales), Sexual Concerns) and 2 validity scales. 6 clinical scales (Anxiety, Depressiveness, Anger, Post-traumatic Stress Symptom, Dissociativeness (two subscales), and 2 validity scales) are included. https://www.center-pds.si/Katalogtestov/Kliničnitesti/Vprašalnikotravmatiziranostiotrokinmladostnik. aspx; Diagnostic test: Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A); An objective-type self-assessment questionnaire for assessing personality in adolescents. It has 264 items to be answered on a 4-point scale. 22 independent scales are obtained (Inconsistency, Rarity, Negative impression, Positive impression, Physical complaints, Anxiety, Anxiety-related disorders, Depressiveness, Mania, Paranoid, Schizophrenia, Borderline traits, Antisocial traits, Alcohol problems, Drug problems, Aggressiveness, Suicidal ideation, Stress, Lack of support, Refusal to deal, Dominance, Warmth). https://www.center-pds.si/Katalogtestov/Kliničnitesti/Vprašalnikzaocenoosebnosti-oblikazamladostnike-PAI-A.aspx; Diagnostic test: Inventory Of Statements About Self-Injury; ISAS; A self-assessment questionnaire used for research purposes to assess the basic characteristics of NSSI (form, frequency, function, time to event). It also assesses the desire to stop. The questionnaire has been previously translated into Slovene and used in a population of adolescents with self-injurious behaviour. Glenn CR, Klonsky ED. One-year test-retest reliability of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS). Assessment. 2011 Sep;18(3):375-8. doi: 10.1177/1073191111411669.; Diagnostic test: The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0; LPFSBF 2.0; A short, user-friendly instrument that gives a quick impression of the expression of personality pathology. It consists of 12 items grouped into two higher-order domains: self-functioning and interpersonal functioning. Participants are asked to rate the 12 items on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely false) to 4 (completely true). A total score (sum of all items), a self-functioning score (sum of items 1-6) and an interpersonal functioning score (sum of items 7-12) can be calculated. Satisfactory internal consistency and promising construct validity have been demonstrated. Sensitivity to change after three months of treatment was high. Weekers LC, Hutsebaut J, Kamphuis JH. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning. Personal Ment Health 2019;13:3-14.; Diagnostic test: Borderline Personality Features Scale, BPFSC-11; The BPFS-C-11 includes BPD indicators such as affective instability, identity problems and negative attitudes. Responses to the items are on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 'not at all true' to 'always true'. Studies have shown construct validity of interpretations of BPFS-C-11 scores through positive associations with other measures of BPD and positive associations with measures of BPD correlates, including emotional dysregulation. In a recent sample, the Cronbach's α over 4 years of follow-up was 0.86, 0.85, 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. The scale has been officially translated into Slovenian and will be used with the permission of the authors. It is intended for use by children and adolescents aged 9-11 years and consists of 11 items. Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Temple, J., Newlin, E. An 11-Item Measure to Assess Borderline Traits in Adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC Using IRT . Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 2014;5(1):70-78.; Other: Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression-Youth Version (DASA-YV); It's a professional assessment tool which provides a daily assessment of the risk of heteroaggression. The evaluation is efficient and takes less than five minutes. The nurse in charge of each patient completes the DASA-YV once a day. Dutch SG, Patil N. Validating a Measurement Tool to Predict Aggressive Behavior in Hospitalized Youth. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2019;25:396-404.; Other: Adolescent Self-Harm Risk Scale; ASHRS; It's a professional assessment tool which provides a daily assessment of the risk of heteroaggression. This is the scale we developed for the present study. It will be used to assess and predict the short-term risk of self-harm behaviour during hospitalisation (assessment at admission) and the long-term risk after discharge (assessment at discharge).; Diagnostic test: Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events questionnaire (LITE); Is a short checklist for screening and assessing the exposure to trauma in children and adolescents. It covers a broad range of potentially upsetting situations that can cause trauma to children and adolescents, such as a car accident, fire, death of a family member, exposure to threats, sexual assault, or witnessing violence. The questionnaire had been validated on a Slovene population of children and adolesscents. Greenwald R, Rubin A. Assessment of posttraumatic symptoms in children: development and preliminary validation of parent and child scales. Res Soc Work Pract. (1999) 9:61-75. doi: 10.1177/104973159900900105 Uršicˇ K, Bucik V, Klemencˇ icˇ S, Bratina N, Battelino T, Dovcˇ K and Drobnicˇ Radobuljac M (2021) Validation of the Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events (LITE-S/P) Questionnaires in Children and Adolescents in Slovenia. Front. Psychiatry 12:665315. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665315; Genetic: Genetic methods; DNA isolation, Sequencing, Libraries preparation, Analisys; Bioinformatics (Base Calling, Variant Calling, Quantification and evaluation of short tandem repetitions, Methylation sites detection).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Self-harm incident	Registered incident of self-harm	"through study completion, an average of 1 year"
Prevented self-harm incident	Registration of an intended self-harm prevented by hospital staff (nurses)	"up to 12 weeks"

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine
• Collaborators: University Medical Centre Ljubljana; University Maribor; University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Maja Drobnič Radobuljac, University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Steinberg L, Morris AS. Adolescent development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:83-110. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83.
• Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, Brent DA, Yershova KV, Oquendo MA, Currier GW, Melvin GA, Greenhill L, Shen S, Mann JJ. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;168(12):1266-77. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704.
• Swannell SV, Martin GE, Page A, Hasking P, St John NJ. Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014 Jun;44(3):273-303. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12070. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
• Clarke S, Allerhand LA, Berk MS. Recent advances in understanding and managing self-harm in adolescents. F1000Res. 2019 Oct 24;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1794. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.19868.1. eCollection 2019.
• Bridge JA, Goldstein TR, Brent DA. Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar-Apr;47(3-4):372-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x.
• Joyce PR, McKenzie JM, Mulder RT, Luty SE, Sullivan PF, Miller AL, Kennedy MA. Genetic, developmental and personality correlates of self-mutilation in depressed patients. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;40(3):225-9. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01778.x.
• Weekers LC, Hutsebaut J, Kamphuis JH. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning. Personal Ment Health. 2019 Feb;13(1):3-14. doi: 10.1002/pmh.1434. Epub 2018 Sep 19.
• Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Feb;78(2):350-65. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350.
• Moran P, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, Olsson C, Borschmann R, Carlin JB, Patton GC. The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2012 Jan 21;379(9812):236-43. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61141-0. Epub 2011 Nov 16.
• McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008 Mar;38(3):407-17. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001419. Epub 2007 Sep 6.
• Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci. 1999 Oct;2(10):861-3. doi: 10.1038/13158. No abstract available.
• Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Reboussin DM, Reboussin BA, Frazier PH, Kelley AE. Suicide attempts among formerly hospitalized adolescents: a prospective naturalistic study of risk during the first 5 years after discharge. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Jun;38(6):660-71. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199906000-00012.
• Radobuljac MD, Bratina NU, Battelino T, Tomori M. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal and self-injurious behaviors in a representative cohort of Slovenian adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Nov;10(7):424-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00501.x. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
• Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000 May-Jun;71(3):543-62. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164.
• Spear LP. Adolescent neurodevelopment. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Feb;52(2 Suppl 2):S7-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006.
• Stoep AV, McCauley E, Flynn C, Stone A. Thoughts of death and suicide in early adolescence. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009 Dec;39(6):599-613. doi: 10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.599.
• SURS. Slovenija: Statistični Urad Republike Slovenije; 2021.
• Wilkinson P, Goodyer I. Non-suicidal self-injury. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;20(2):103-8. doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0156-y. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
• Self-harm in over 8s: short-term management and prevention of recurrence. Clinical guideline [CG16]. In: Excellence TNIfHaC, ed.2004.
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
• Favazza AR, Conterio K. Female habitual self-mutilators. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989 Mar;79(3):283-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb10259.x.
• Favazza AR. Nonsuicidal self-injury: How categorization guides treatment. Current Psychiatry 2012;11(3):21-5.
• Tomori M, Zalar B, Plesnicar BK. Gender differences in psychosocial risk factors among Slovenian adolescents. Adolescence. 2000 Autumn;35(139):431-43.
• Žerjav Ž, Drobnič Radobuljac M. Medicinski Razgledi 2019;58:417-27.
• Kiric B, Leben Novak L, Lusicky P, Drobnic Radobuljac M. Suicidal Behavior in Emergency Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Service Users Before and During the 16 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2022 May 11;13:893040. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893040. eCollection 2022.
• Plener PL, Allroggen M, Kapusta ND, Brahler E, Fegert JM, Groschwitz RC. The prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in a representative sample of the German population. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 19;16(1):353. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1060-x.
• Groschwitz RC, Plener PL, Kaess M, Schumacher T, Stoehr R, Boege I. The situation of former adolescent self-injurers as young adults: a follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Jul 18;15:160. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0555-1.
• Kaess M, Parzer P, Mattern M, Plener PL, Bifulco A, Resch F, Brunner R. Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on frequency, severity, and the individual function of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Apr 30;206(2-3):265-72. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.012. Epub 2012 Nov 16.
• Zahl DL, Hawton K. Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: long-term follow-up study of 11,583 patients. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;185:70-5. doi: 10.1192/bjp.185.1.70.
• Carballo JJ, Llorente C, Kehrmann L, Flamarique I, Zuddas A, Purper-Ouakil D, Hoekstra PJ, Coghill D, Schulze UME, Dittmann RW, Buitelaar JK, Castro-Fornieles J, Lievesley K, Santosh P, Arango C; STOP Consortium. Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;29(6):759-776. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-01270-9. Epub 2019 Jan 25.
• Beautrais AL, Collings SCD, Ehrhardt P, K H. Suicide Prevention - A review of evidence of risk and protective factors, and points of effective intervention. In: Health Mo, ed. Wellington, NZ2005.
• Chung DT, Ryan CJ, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Singh SP, Stanton C, Large MM. Suicide Rates After Discharge From Psychiatric Facilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):694-702. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1044.
• Hawton K, Bergen H, Cooper J, Turnbull P, Waters K, Ness J, Kapur N. Suicide following self-harm: findings from the Multicentre Study of self-harm in England, 2000-2012. J Affect Disord. 2015 Apr 1;175:147-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.062. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
• Hawton K, Bale L, Brand F, Townsend E, Ness J, Waters K, Clements C, Kapur N, Geulayov G. Mortality in children and adolescents following presentation to hospital after non-fatal self-harm in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Feb;4(2):111-120. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30373-6. Epub 2020 Jan 8.
• King CA, Grupp-Phelan J, Brent D, Dean JM, Webb M, Bridge JA, Spirito A, Chernick LS, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Mistry RD, Rea M, Keller A, Rogers A, Shenoi R, Cwik M, Busby DR, Casper TC; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. Predicting 3-month risk for adolescent suicide attempts among pediatric emergency department patients. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Oct;60(10):1055-1064. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13087. Epub 2019 Jul 21.
• Bjureberg J, Ohlis A, Ljotsson B, D'Onofrio BM, Hedman-Lagerlof E, Jokinen J, Sahlin H, Lichtenstein P, Cederlof M, Hellner C. Adolescent self-harm with and without suicidality: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a Swedish regional register. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar;60(3):295-304. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12967. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
• Brent DA, Baugher M, Bridge J, Chen T, Chiappetta L. Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;38(12):1497-505. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199912000-00010.
• Olfson M, Shaffer D, Marcus SC, Greenberg T. Relationship between antidepressant medication treatment and suicide in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;60(10):978-82. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.978.
• Tomori M, Zalar B. Gender differences among adolescent suicide attempters and nonattempters. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 May 20;12(2-3):177-90. doi: 10.1515/IJAMH.2000.12.2-3.177. No abstract available.
• Wichstrom L, Hegna K. Sexual orientation and suicide attempt: a longitudinal study of the general Norwegian adolescent population. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003 Feb;112(1):144-51.
• Brent DA, Mann JJ. Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2005 Feb 15;133C(1):13-24. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30042.
• Zalsman G, Frisch A, Bromberg M, Gelernter J, Michaelovsky E, Campino A, Erlich Z, Tyano S, Apter A, Weizman A. Family-based association study of serotonin transporter promoter in suicidal adolescents: no association with suicidality but possible role in violence traits. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Apr 8;105(3):239-45. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1261.
• Zalsman G, Frisch A, King RA, Pauls DL, Grice DE, Gelernter J, Alsobrook J, Michaelovsky E, Apter A, Tyano S, Weizman A, Leckman JF. Case control and family-based studies of tryptophan hydroxylase gene A218C polymorphism and suicidality in adolescents. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Jul 8;105(5):451-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1406.
• Brent DA, Melhem N. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;31(2):157-77. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2008.02.001.
• McGirr A, Turecki G. The relationship of impulsive aggressiveness to suicidality and other depression-linked behaviors. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):460-6. doi: 10.1007/s11920-007-0062-2.
• Jang KL, Livesley WJ, Vernon PA, Jackson DN. Heritability of personality disorder traits: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Dec;94(6):438-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09887.x.
• Maciejewski DF, Creemers HE, Lynskey MT, Madden PA, Heath AC, Statham DJ, Martin NG, Verweij KJ. Overlapping genetic and environmental influences on nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation: different outcomes, same etiology? JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;71(6):699-705. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.89.
• Gorodetsky E, Carli V, Sarchiapone M, Roy A, Goldman D, Enoch MA. Predictors for self-directed aggression in Italian prisoners include externalizing behaviors, childhood trauma and the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5-HTTLPR. Genes Brain Behav. 2016 Jun;15(5):465-73. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12293. Epub 2016 May 5.
• Dell'osso L, Mandelli L, Carlini M, Bouanani S, Rotondo A, Conversano C, Serretti A, Marazziti D. Temperamental and genetic predictors of suicide attempt and self-mutilation. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;68(4):250-7. doi: 10.1159/000356228. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
• Steiger H, Fichter M, Bruce KR, Joober R, Badawi G, Richardson J, Groleau P, Ramos C, Israel M, Bondy B, Quadflieg N, Bachetzky N. Molecular-genetic correlates of self-harming behaviors in eating-disordered women: findings from a combined Canadian-German sample. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan 15;35(1):102-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.012. Epub 2010 Sep 29.
• Bernegger A, Kienesberger K, Carlberg L, Swoboda P, Ludwig B, Koller R, Inaner M, Zotter M, Kapusta N, Aigner M, Haslacher H, Kasper S, Schosser A. The Impact of COMT and Childhood Maltreatment on Suicidal Behaviour in Affective Disorders. Sci Rep. 2018 Jan 12;8(1):692. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19040-z.
• Hankin BL, Barrocas AL, Young JF, Haberstick B, Smolen A. 5-HTTLPR x interpersonal stress interaction and nonsuicidal self-injury in general community sample of youth. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Feb 28;225(3):609-12. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.037. Epub 2014 Dec 3.
• Gao Y, Xiong Y, Liu X, Wang H. The Effects of Childhood Maltreatment on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Male Adolescents: The Moderating Roles of the Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Gene and the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 5;18(5):2598. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052598.
• Strawbridge RJ, Ward J, Ferguson A, Graham N, Shaw RJ, Cullen B, Pearsall R, Lyall LM, Johnston KJA, Niedzwiedz CL, Pell JP, Mackay D, Martin JL, Lyall DM, Bailey MES, Smith DJ. Identification of novel genome-wide associations for suicidality in UK Biobank, genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders and polygenic association with completed suicide. EBioMedicine. 2019 Mar;41:517-525. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.005. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
• Cheung S, Woo J, Maes MS, Zai CC. Suicide epigenetics, a review of recent progress. J Affect Disord. 2020 Mar 15;265:423-438. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.040. Epub 2020 Jan 15.
• Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Hong YJ, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, Yoon JS, Kim JM. BDNF Methylation and Suicidal Ideation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Psychiatry Investig. 2018 Oct;15(11):1094-1097. doi: 10.30773/pi.2018.09.20. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
• Kang HJ, Kim JM, Lee JY, Kim SY, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim HR, Shin MG, Yoon JS. BDNF promoter methylation and suicidal behavior in depressive patients. J Affect Disord. 2013 Nov;151(2):679-685. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.001. Epub 2013 Aug 13.
• Kim JM, Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim HR, Shin MG, Yoon JS. Association of BDNF promoter methylation and genotype with suicidal ideation in elderly Koreans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;22(10):989-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.011. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
• Kim JM, Kang HJ, Kim SY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim HR, Park MH, Shin MG, Yoon JH, Yoon JS. BDNF promoter methylation associated with suicidal ideation in patients with breast cancer. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2015;49(1):75-94. doi: 10.1177/0091217415574439.
• Zhang Y, Chang Z, Chen J, Ling Y, Liu X, Feng Z, Chen C, Xia M, Zhao X, Ying W, Qing X, Li G, Zhang C. Methylation of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene is associated with mRNA expression in patients with major depression with suicide attempts. Mol Med Rep. 2015 Aug;12(2):3184-90. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3748. Epub 2015 May 7.
• Martin-Blanco A, Ferrer M, Soler J, Salazar J, Vega D, Andion O, Sanchez-Mora C, Arranz MJ, Ribases M, Feliu-Soler A, Perez V, Pascual JC. Association between methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, childhood maltreatment, and clinical severity in borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Oct;57:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.011. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
• Wang L, Zheng D, Liu L, Zhong G, Bi X, Hu S, Wang M, Qiao D. Relationship between SIRT1 gene and adolescent depressive disorder with nonsuicidal self-injury behavior: Based on gene methylation and mRNA expression. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Aug 6;100(31):e26747. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026747.
• Zheng D, Bi X, Zhang T, Han C, Ma T, Wang L, Sun M, Cui K, Yang L, Liu L. Epigenetic Alterations of the Promoter Region of the POMC Gene in Adolescent Depressive Disorder Patients with Nonsuicidal Self-injury Behaviors. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020 Nov 16;13:997-1008. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S272445. eCollection 2020. Erratum In: Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021 Jan 12;14:27-30.
• Mirkovic B, Labelle R, Guile JM, Belloncle V, Bodeau N, Knafo A, Condat A, Bapt-Cazalets N, Marguet C, Breton JJ, Cohen D, Gerardin P. Coping skills among adolescent suicide attempters: results of a multisite study. Can J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;60(2 Suppl 1):S37-45.
• Melhem NM, Brent DA, Ziegler M, Iyengar S, Kolko D, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Burke A, Zelazny J, Stanley B, Mann JJ. Familial pathways to early-onset suicidal behavior: familial and individual antecedents of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1364-70. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091522.
• Brodsky BS, Mann JJ, Stanley B, Tin A, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, Greenhill L, Kolko D, Zelazny J, Burke AK, Melhem NM, Brent D. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and offspring suicide attempts. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;69(4):584-96. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0410.
• Castellvi P, Miranda-Mendizabal A, Pares-Badell O, Almenara J, Alonso I, Blasco MJ, Cebria A, Gabilondo A, Gili M, Lagares C, Piqueras JA, Roca M, Rodriguez-Marin J, Rodriguez-Jimenez T, Soto-Sanz V, Alonso J. Exposure to violence, a risk for suicide in youths and young adults. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 Mar;135(3):195-211. doi: 10.1111/acps.12679. Epub 2016 Dec 20.
• Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 2008 Jun;32(6):607-19. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.018. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
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• Klomek AB, Kleinman M, Altschuler E, Marrocco F, Amakawa L, Gould MS. Suicidal adolescents' experiences with bullying perpetration and victimization during high school as risk factors for later depression and suicidality. J Adolesc Health. 2013 Jul;53(1 Suppl):S37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.008.
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Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 23, 2023
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): September 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Anticipated): September 1, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 12, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 8, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): March 13, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 6, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 3, 2023
• Last Verified: April 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: genetics; adolescent; attachment; risk assessment; epigenetics; suicidal behavior; non-suicidal self-injury; deliberate self-harm; risk and protective factors
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Mental Disorders; Pathologic Processes; Personality Disorders; Disease; Borderline Personality Disorder; Self-Injurious Behavior
• Other Study ID Numbers: Adolescent self-harm

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No