Motor Signature, Falls Risk, and Home-Based Interventions in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Experimental: Computerized cognitive training

The computerized cognitive training will take place at each participant's residence. Participants will be asked to practice at least 1 session a day for 6 months, and a session lasts for 60 minutes.

Verhalten: Computerized training

Attention, memory, speed of processing, and executive functioning.

Experimental: Lower extremity strengthening

Verhalten: Übung

Jede Sitzung dauert 60 Minuten, bestehend aus 10 Minuten Aufwärmen, 45 Minuten Training und 5 Minuten Abkühlen.

Experimental: Tai chi chuan

The 8-form Yang-style tai chi intervention will take place at a subject's residence or the neighborhood once a week for 6 months, and each session will last for 60 minutes.

Verhalten: Übung

Jede Sitzung dauert 60 Minuten, bestehend aus 10 Minuten Aufwärmen, 45 Minuten Training und 5 Minuten Abkühlen.

Kein Eingriff: Social interaction

Immediately after the baseline assessment, the care manager will visit the subject in this group once for comparability with the other two intervention groups.

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS)

The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) contains five cognitive domains of attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, and memory, which specifically assess concentration, verbal fluency, visuospatial skills, analogical reasoning, and short-term memory, with score ranges for these domains of 0~37, 0~37, 0~6, 0~39, and 0~25 points, respectively, and a total score range of 0~144 points.

modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-M)

The modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-M) consists of the date of the interview, age, phone number, immediate and delayed word list recall, counting backward, responsive naming, word opposites, and repetition, with a total score range of 0~50.

mobility

The timed up and go test requires subjects to rise from a standard chair, walk a distance of 3 m, turn, walk back to the chair, and sit down. The time to complete the timed up and go will be recorded.

balance

The Tinetti balance score ranges 0~26, with a higher score indicating a better balance ability.

falls

number of falls and multiple falls

depressive symptoms

Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.

fear of falling

Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale assesses an individual's confidence in performing 16 common daily tasks without losing balance, and total scores of the ABC scale are determined by the accumulated average of each item score and range between 0 and 100, with lower scores indicating greater balance confidence.

activity of daily living (ADL)

The activity of daily living (ADL) scale consists of seven basic ADLs (self-feeding, self-dressing, grooming, walking, getting in/out of bed, bathing, and controlling the bladder) and seven instrumental ADLs (using a telephone, transporting oneself, shopping, preparing meals, doing housework, taking medication, and managing one's money). These items are graded as 0 points (inability), 1 point (needs some help), or 2 points (no help needed). The ADL score ranges from 0 to 28 points, with a lower score indicating greater activity disability.