Optimize Motor Learning to Improve Neurorehabilitation (OnLINE)

September 3, 2025 updated by: University of Bern
The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate novel robotic training strategies that modulate errors based on the subjects' individual motor and cognitive needs. For this purpose, healthy adults and neurologic patients will participate in robotic motor learning experiments. Patients have a diagnosis of a neurological disease (i.e., stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome) limiting arm motor function.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Neurological patients (e.g., after stroke) engage in intensive and expensive neurorehabilitation therapy to regain part of their former motor functional ability to perform everyday activities with often limited and unsatisfactory outcome. Robots became a promising supplement or even alternative for neurorehabilitation therapy, providing cost-effective, high repetition and task-oriented training. However, results of an initial body of work comparing the effectiveness of robotic training strategies are highly inconclusive. A possible explanation is that most current robotic systems cover only one neurorehabilitation strategy (e.g. reducing or augmenting movement errors) and may thus insufficiently address the subjects' individual needs and the characteristics of the task to be learned. In this study, Investigators will perform several motor learning experiments with healthy adult and neurological patients in order to evaluate the relative motor and cognitive benefits of newly developed robotic training strategies that modulate errors based on the subject's age, skill level and tasks characteristics. The effects of the new strategies will be compared to classical robotic assistance, and to non-robotic feedback approaches, such as visual feedback. The culmination of this work may help to optimize training benefits of already existing rehabilitation robots.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
259

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Switzerland
      • Bern, Switzerland, 3010
        • University of Bern

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged ≥18 years
  • Informed Consent as documented by signature ("Informed Consent" form)
  • Bodyweight <120 kg
  • Ability to communicate effectively with the examiner so that the validity of the patient's data could not be compromised

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Excessive spasticity of the affected arm (Ashworth Scale ≥3)
  • Serious medical or psychiatric disorder
  • Orthopaedic, rheumatological, or other disease restricting movements of the paretic arm
  • Shoulder subluxation
  • Skin ulcerations at the paretic arm
  • Cyber-sickness (i.e., nausea when looking at a screen or playing computer games)
  • Serious cognitive defects or aphasia preventing effective use of the robotic devices
  • Severe visual and auditory impairments

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Robotic motor training
Participants will perform motor tasks (i.e. movements) with upper limb robotic devices applying different strategies (e.g. supporting or challenging the subject, or being fully compliant).
Behavioral: Robotic motor training
The experiments consist in performing motor tasks with upper-limb robotic devices.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in kinematic performance assessed by the robot
Time Frame: Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Motion changes from baseline in the kinematic variables assessed by the robot and motion trackers during the motor learning task. The kinematic performance analysis consists of end-effector position in the x, y, and z-axis, in meters, and joint angles in degrees.
Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Change in kinetic performance assessed by the robot
Time Frame: Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Force changes from baseline in the kinetic variables assessed by the robot using force sensors during the motor learning task. Kinetic performance analysis consists of interaction forces in x, y, and z-axis, in N and applied robot joint torques by the motors, in Nm.
Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Spatial analysis of changes in evoked potentials as assessed by Electroencephalography (EEG) measurement
Time Frame: Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Electroencephalographical assessment of changes in evoked potentials i.e. the electrical activity of the brain in response to stimulation of specific sensory nerve pathways.
Baseline, training (immediately after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in embodiment
Time Frame: Before Intervention, Immediately after the end of intervention
Virtual Reality (VR) Embodiment Scale, Self administered Likert scale of 1-7 (Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree)
Before Intervention, Immediately after the end of intervention
Spatial analysis of changes in Task-Based Brain Connectivity as assessed by Electroencephalography (EEG) measurement
Time Frame: Baseline, training (immediately after baseline or 1-2 days after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Changes in Task-Based Brain Connectivity from baseline in electroencephalography measurement
Baseline, training (immediately after baseline or 1-2 days after baseline), retention (1-2 days after the training)
Change in Motivation as assessed by Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)
Time Frame: Before Intervention, Immediately after the end of intervention, at the end of the session
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, Self administered. Likert scale of 1-7 (1: not at all true - 4: somewhat true - 7: very true)
Before Intervention, Immediately after the end of intervention, at the end of the session
Change in Cognitive Load as assessed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Raw) Task Load Index
Time Frame: Immediately after the end of intervention, At the end of the session
Self-reported cognitive load during a task, Self-administered National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Raw) Task Load Index (TLX), analog scale mapped from 0 to 100 (Endpoints: Low/High, Good/Poor)
Immediately after the end of intervention, At the end of the session
System Usability as assessed by System Usability Scale (SUS)
Time Frame: Immediately after the end of intervention, At the end of the session
Self reported system usability assessed by System Usability Scale (SUS) Likert scale of 1-5 (Strongly agree to Strongly disagree)
Immediately after the end of intervention, At the end of the session

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Bern

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Laura Marchal-Crespo, Prof. Dr., University of Bern, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
January 25, 2019

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 15, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
October 16, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
February 1, 2021

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 15, 2021

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
February 18, 2021

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 4, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 3, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2018-01179

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

All individual participant data that underlie results in a publication

IPD Sharing Time Frame

Data will be available after publications and it will stay accessible as long as the journal regulation permits.

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Being able to access the journal paper

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL
  • ANALYTIC_CODE

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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