Effects of Education and Telephone Support on Type 2 Diabetes Management

January 31, 2026 updated by: Alime Selçuk Tosun, Selcuk University

Effects of Self-Management Education and Follow-Up Telephone Support on Diabetes Self-Management, Treatment Compliance, and Medication Self-Efficacy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

This study examined the effects of self-management education combined with follow-up telephone support on diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication self-efficacy in adults with Type 2 diabetes. A total of 70 adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. Participants in the intervention group received diabetes self-management education and follow-up telephone support while the control group received usual care. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Diabetes Self-Management Scale, the Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment, and the Diabetes Medication Use Self-Efficacy Scale.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
70

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Karatay
      • Konya, Karatay, Turkey (Türkiye), 42020
        • Konya City Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months
  • Between the ages of 18-64
  • Literate
  • Planned hospitalisation for at least three days
  • Using only insulin or insulin + oral antidiabetics as treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals with Type 1
  • Gestational diabetes,
  • Communication disability
  • Psychiatric illness
  • Severe complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic foot, cardiovascular disease)
  • Condition that prevents physical activity
  • Individuals who could not attend at least two sessions of the diabetes education programme

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Telephone Support
Participants in this arm received a structured diabetes self-management education program combined with follow-up telephone support. The intervention consisted of three face-to-face education sessions covering diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication use. In addition, participants received two structured follow-up telephone support calls over a two-month period to reinforce education content, support adherence, and address participant questions. Outcomes were assessed using pre-test and post-test measurements, including diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, medication self-efficacy, and biochemical parameters
Behavioral: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Telephone Support
The intervention consisted of a structured diabetes self-management education program and follow-up telephone support. Participants received three face-to-face education sessions focusing on diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication use. Additionally, two structured follow-up telephone support calls were conducted over a two-month period to reinforce education, support adherence, and address participants' questions.
No Intervention: Usual Care Control Group
Participants in this arm received usual care for Type 2 diabetes without additional diabetes self-management education or follow-up telephone support. They continued routine clinical follow-up and standard treatment as recommended by healthcare providers. Pre-test and post-test assessments were conducted at the same time points as the intervention group, including measures of diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, medication self-efficacy, and biochemical parameters.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Diabetes Self-Management Scale
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
The level of diabetes self-management was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The scale evaluates participants' self-management behaviors across four sub-dimensions: glucose management, diet control, physical activity, and utilization of health services. A minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10 is obtained from the total scale and sub-dimensions. Higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes self-management.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Treatment adherence was assessed using the Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment, a validated self-report instrument developed to evaluate adherence behaviors in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The scale assesses multiple dimensions of attitude and emotional factors, knowledge and personal factors, lifestyle change, feelings of anger, feelings, and behaviours appropriate for adherence, diet bargaining and feelings of denial. The highest score obtained from the scale is 150 and the lowest score is 30. As the score obtained from the scale decreases, the individual's adherence to treatment increases.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Diabetes Medication Use Self-efficacy Scale
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Medication use self-efficacy was assessed using the Diabetes Medication Use Self-Efficacy Scale, a validated instrument measuring individuals' confidence in their ability to use diabetes medications despite potential barriers. The scale evaluates self-efficacy related to obligation, preoccupation, and anxiety associated with medication use. The lowest score in the scale is 19 and the highest score is 57. Higher scores indicate higher levels of medication use self-efficacy.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Glycated hemoglobin
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in mmol/mol. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
High-density lipoprotein
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Low-density lipoprotein
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Total cholesterol
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Total cholesterol in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Triglyceride
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Triglyceride in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Selcuk University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Alime Selçuk Tosun, Assoc. Prof., Selcuk University, Faculty of Nursing

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
May 1, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 15, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
April 15, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
January 25, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 31, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
February 3, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
February 3, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 31, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 2023/08

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data from this study will not be shared because the study was conducted solely for internal research purposes, and participant confidentiality and privacy are protected in accordance with institutional ethical approval. Data sharing was not planned in the study protocol.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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