- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT00347945
Randomized Trial of Treatments for Convergence Insufficiency
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Pencil Push-Ups Versus Office Based Vision Therapy For the Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Detailed Description
Considerable controversy exists regarding the best treatment for convergence insufficiency (CI), a common condition that often interferes with the ability to perform near work. The two most widely used treatments have significant differences in costs and in practitioner perceived utility. Pencil push-up therapy (PPT) is a simple, low-cost treatment in which patients are prescribed a single procedure to perform at home with only periodic follow-up. Office-based vision therapy (OBVT) is a more comprehensive, time-consuming, complex, and costly treatment in which patients are scheduled for weekly in-office therapy visits and are often prescribed a specific sequence of therapeutic procedures to perform at home. It is important to consider whether either, neither, or both treatments are effective.
The Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) is a prospective, masked-examiner, multi-center clinical trial in which patients are randomized to one of these two treatment approaches. The primary goal is to answer the following question:
After 12 weeks of treatment, is one therapy more effective than the other in improving CI signs and symptoms? We will test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the distribution of outcomes between the two populations.
The primary outcome measure will be a classification of each patient as a "success," "improvement," or "failure." This classification will be based on the level of improvement in both the signs (near point of convergence and positive fusional vergence) and symptoms of CI.
Additional questions relate to longer term effects:
- Are the patients who were classified as "success" or "improvement" at twelve weeks the same at the one-year follow-up for each treatment group?
- Are there differences in the distributions of changes in near point of convergence, positive fusional vergence, or accommodative amplitudes, between the two treatment groups, at twelve weeks and at one-year of follow up?
Study Type
Enrollment
Phase
- Phase 3
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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California
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Fullerton, California, United States, 92831
- Southern California College of Optometry
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New York
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New York, New York, United States, 10036
- State University of New York, College of Optometry
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Ohio
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Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
- The Ohio State University
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Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
- The Ohio State University, Optometry Coordinating Center
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Oregon
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Forest Grove, Oregon, United States, 97116
- Pacific University College of Optometry
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Pennsylvania
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19141
- Eye Institute, Pennsylvania College of Optometry
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Texas
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Houston, Texas, United States, 77204
- University of Houston, College of Optometry
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age 9-30 years
- Best corrected visual acuity of 20/25 in both eyes at distance and near
- Willingness to wear eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct refractive error, if necessary
- Exophoria at near at least 4 prism diopters greater than at far
- Insufficient positive fusional convergence (i.e., failing Sheard's criterion or minimum normative positive fusional vergence (PFV) of 15 base-out break).
- Receded near point of convergence of > 6 cm break.
- Normal random dot stereopsis using a 500 seconds of arc target.
- CI Symptom Survey score > 16 for subjects in 9-18 year age range and > 21 for subjects in the 19-30 year age range.
- Informed consent and willingness to participate in the study and be randomized
Exclusion Criteria:
- CI previously treated with pencil push-ups (no more than 2 months of treatment within the past year)
- CI previously treated with office-based vision therapy/orthoptics (no more than 2 months of treatment within the past year)
- Amblyopia
- Constant strabismus
- History of strabismus surgery
- Anisometropia >1.50D difference between eyes
- Prior refractive surgery
- Vertical heterophoria greater than 1
- Systemic diseases known to affect accommodation, vergence, and ocular motility such as: multiple sclerosis, Graves's thyroid disease, myasthenia gravis, diabetes, and Parkinson disease
- Any ocular or systemic medication known to affect accommodation or vergence
- Monocular accommodative amplitude less than 4 D in either eye as measured by the Donder's push-up method
- Manifest or latent nystagmus
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disability diagnosis by parental report
- Household member or sibling already enrolled in the CITT
- Any eye care professional, technician, medical student, or optometry student
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: Single
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
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The primary outcome measure is the score on the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
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Near Point of Convergence
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Positive Fusional Vergence at Near
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Collaborators and Investigators
Collaborators
Investigators
- Study Chair: Mitchell Scheiman, OD, Pennsylvania College of Optometry
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Scheiman M, Kulp MT, Cotter SA, Lawrenson JG, Wang L, Li T. Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 2;12(12):CD006768. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006768.pub3.
- Borsting EJ, Rouse MW, Mitchell GL, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J, Kulp MT, London R; Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years. Optom Vis Sci. 2003 Dec;80(12):832-8. doi: 10.1097/00006324-200312000-00014.
- Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Malhotra K. The effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment for convergence insufficiency: a pilot study. Optom Vis Sci. 2002 Apr;79(4):265-7. doi: 10.1097/00006324-200204000-00013.
- Scheiman M, Cooper J, Mitchell GL, de LP, Cotter S, Borsting E, London R, Rouse M. A survey of treatment modalities for convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2002 Mar;79(3):151-7. doi: 10.1097/00006324-200203000-00009.
- Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Cooper J, Kulp M, Rouse M, Borsting E, London R, Wensveen J; Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group. A randomized clinical trial of treatments for convergence insufficiency in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;123(1):14-24. doi: 10.1001/archopht.123.1.14.
- Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Cooper J, Rouse M, Borsting E, London R, Wensveen J. A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2005 Jul;82(7):583-95. doi: 10.1097/01.opx.0000171331.36871.2f.
Helpful Links
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Study Completion
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- HMS2040
- 1R21EY13164-1
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
Clinical Trials on Convergence Insufficiency
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Chen ZhaoShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Children's Hospital of Fudan... and other collaboratorsCompletedConvergence Insufficiency Intermittent Exotropia (CI-IXT)China
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Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesUnknownComparison of Three Vision Therapy Approaches for Convergence InsufficiencyIran, Islamic Republic of
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Jaeb Center for Health ResearchNational Eye Institute (NEI); Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator GroupCompletedConvergence Insufficiency | Divergence Insufficiency | HypertropiaUnited States
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Salus UniversityUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham; National Eye Institute (NEI); Ohio State... and other collaboratorsUnknownConvergence InsufficiencyUnited States
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National Taiwan University HospitalNot yet recruitingConvergence InsufficiencyTaiwan
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Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesRecruitingConvergence InsufficiencyIran, Islamic Republic of
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Salus UniversityUnknownConvergence InsufficiencyUnited States
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New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNational Eye Institute (NEI)CompletedConvergence InsufficiencyUnited States
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Ohio State UniversityCompletedConvergence InsufficiencyUnited States
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Jaeb Center for Health ResearchNational Eye Institute (NEI); Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator GroupCompleted
Clinical Trials on Pencil Push-ups
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National Eye Institute (NEI)UnknownConvergence Insufficiency | Binocular Vision DisorderUnited States
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Riphah International UniversityRecruiting
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Jaeb Center for Health ResearchNational Eye Institute (NEI); Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator GroupCompleted
-
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesUnknownComparison of Three Vision Therapy Approaches for Convergence InsufficiencyIran, Islamic Republic of
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Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic MedicineAuburn UniversityCompletedResistance TrainingUnited States
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Womack Army Medical CenterUnited States Department of DefenseCompletedImmune System and Related DisordersUnited States
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University of MichiganCompletedSubstance UseUnited States
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Abbott Medical DevicesCompleted
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Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterBlue Marble Rehab IncTerminated
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African Population and Health Research CenterAmsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development; PharmAccessUnknown