Study on Sodium and Caffeine in Children and Adolescents

Comparison of Methods to Measure the Consumption of Sodium and Caffeine in Children

This study will compare different methods (24 hour urine collection, evening and morning spots, and questionnaires) to measure the consumption of sodium and cafeine in children and adolescents.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Caffeine; Sodium
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: No intervention

Detailed Description

Sodium consumption among adults is high in Switzerland, as in most parts of the world. It is expected to be high in children as well, but little is still known. 24 hour urine collection is the golden standard to assess sodium consumption. However, this method is logistically difficult, especially for children. Therefore, alternatives are needed. Urinary spots have been used as a proxy to estimate sodium excretion over 24 hour in adults, but not in children. This study will assess whether urinary spots can be used to estimate sodium consumption in children in comparison to 24 hour urine collections.

Caffeine consumption has risen in children over the past years, mainly before of the increase in consumption of soda drinks. A precise way to measure caffeine consumption is by assessing the concentration of caffeine and its metabolites in 24 hour urine samples. An alternative to 24 hour urine collection is using questionnaires, however this remains difficult due to the multiples food sources of caffeine. This study will compare caffeine consumption estimated by 24 hour urine collection and by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire targeting caffeine containing products.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 101

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Switzerland
  • Valais
    • Sion, Valais, Switzerland, 1951
      • Hopital du Valais

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 4 years to 14 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Children between 6 and 16 years of age, following ambulatorily at the Hospital of Sion

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Between 6 and 16 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

• A sickness that affects the consumption and excretion of sodium and caffeine (for example, diabetes, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal problems, chronic kidney disease, renal insufficiency)
• Taking medication that affects sodium excretion (for example, diuretics)
• A intravenous perfusion during the urine collection
• Insufficient knowledge of French to understand the instructions

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Other
• Time Perspectives: Cross-Sectional

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Urinary sodium excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots	Over a 2-day period
Urinary caffeine and related metabolites excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire	Over a 2-day period

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Sodium consumption	Estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire	Over a 2-day period
Urinary phosphate excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots	Over a 2-day period
Urinary caffeine and metabolites excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots	Over a 2-day period
Urinary albumine excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots	Over a 2-day period
Urinary protein excretion	Measured in 24 hour urine and estimated from 3 different urinary spots	Over a 2-day period

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Lausanne Hospitals
• Collaborators: Hôpital du Valais; Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Arnaud Chiolero, MD PhD, arnaud.chiolero@chuv.ch

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Paccaud Y, Rios-Leyvraz M, Bochud M, Tabin R, Genin B, Russo M, Rossier MF, Bovet P, Chiolero A, Parvex P. Spot urine samples to estimate 24-hour urinary calcium excretion in school-age children. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 Nov;179(11):1673-1681. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03662-z. Epub 2020 May 9.
• Rios-Leyvraz M, Bochud M, Tabin R, Genin B, Russo M, Rossier MF, Eap CB, Bovet P, Chiolero A. Monitoring caffeine intake in children with a questionnaire and urine collection: a cross-sectional study in a convenience sample in Switzerland. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Dec;59(8):3537-3543. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02187-3. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
• Rios-Leyvraz M, Bovet P, Tabin R, Genin B, Russo M, Rossier MF, Bochud M, Chiolero A. Urine Spot Samples Can Be Used to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Children. J Nutr. 2018 Dec 1;148(12):1946-1953. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy211.
• Rios-Leyvraz M, Bovet P, Bochud M, Genin B, Russo M, Rossier MF, Tabin R, Chiolero A. Estimation of salt intake and excretion in children in one region of Switzerland: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. 2019 Oct;58(7):2921-2928. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1845-4. Epub 2018 Oct 19.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 28, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 18, 2018
• Study Completion (Actual): February 18, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 9, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 9, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): September 14, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 20, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 18, 2018
• Last Verified: April 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: 2016-01178

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Yes
• IPD Plan Description: The results of this study will be published in an article. The full dataset will be made available in the DATA@IUMSP repository, http://data.iumsp.ch.