Mindful Stress Reduction in Diabetes Self-management Education for Veterans (Mind-STRIDE)

Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention Delivered Within Diabetes Education on Diabetes-related Outcomes in Military Veterans

The purpose of this study is to see if adding Mindfulness training to diabetes education reduces feelings of stress and makes it easier to adhere to healthy behaviors that improve diabetes outcomes (such as hemoglobin A1c).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mind-STRIDE

Detailed Description

Background: One million Veterans (25%) who receive health care through Veterans Health Administration (VHA) have diabetes and are therefore responsible for daily diabetes self-management (DSM). DSM is essential for glycemic control and prevention of potentially life threatening and disabling complications such as severe hypoglycemia, kidney failure, acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Importantly, 40% of individuals with diabetes suffer from diabetes-related distress (DRD) that interferes with their ability to sustain healthy self-management behaviors, and may be particularly problematic for Veterans who are at higher risk for comorbid negative emotional states such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Diabetes self-management education (DSME) has traditionally contained little content or skill-building directly related to stress management, leaving this critical component of diabetes self-management largely unaddressed in DSME. In the investigators' pilot work, the investigators have developed a brief stress management intervention known as Mind-STRIDE, which contains mindfulness training and home practice and is easily integrated into existing DSME. While the investigators have previously demonstrated the feasibility, patient acceptability, and initial efficacy of Mind-STRIDE, its effects on diabetes-related psychological and physiological patient outcomes remain unknown. There is, therefore, a critical need to determine the efficacy of this targeted mindfulness intervention for improving DRD, diabetes self-efficacy, DSM behaviors, and metabolic control of Veterans with diabetes in order to offer comprehensive, evidence-based DSME that improves Veteran-centric diabetes outcomes.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to determine the efficacy of Mind-STRIDE for improving DRD, diabetes self-efficacy, DSM, and metabolic control, and to characterize distinctive Veteran experiences with DRD and Mind-STRIDE.

Methods: To achieve these objectives, the investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial of 126 Veterans at a large VA medical center in southwest PA. Participants will be assigned to one of two study conditions: an experimental group that receives routine diabetes education plus Mind-STRIDE, or to a usual care group that receives diabetes education alone. DRD, diabetes self-efficacy, and DSM will be assessed using self-report questionnaires. Metabolic control (Hemoglobin A1c) will be assessed using standard laboratory procedures. Data will be collected at baseline, 12-weeks, and 24-weeks, and will be analyzed using mixed-effects models. Telephone interviews will be conducted at 15-weeks post-intervention in a subset of participants from the experimental group, and will be analyzed using modified Grounded Theory methods. Quantitative and qualitative findings will be compared and interpreted using Convergent Parallel Design.

Status: Assessments were completed 4/09/2020.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 132
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15240
      • VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System University Drive Division, Pittsburgh, PA

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Referral to DSME class at VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System University Drive Campus (VAPHS UD)
• Diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Hemoglobin A1C >7.0%
• Problem Areas in "Diabetes Scale (PAID) -5" score =/ >3 or "Diabetes Distress Scale -2" =/>2 score indicating the presence of Diabetes-related Distress

Exclusion Criteria:

• Documented cognitive impairment that would interfere with the ability to comprehend the informed consent and actively participate in the study
• Previous attendance of VA DSME class within the past 12 months
• Currently active mindfulness practice

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) + Mind-STRIDE; Will receive routine diabetes self-management education + the Mind-STRIDE intervention	Behavioral: Mind-STRIDE; Mindful Stress Reduction in Diabetes Education- mindfulness training with home practice will be introduced as part of diabetes education
No Intervention: DSME alone; Usual care control

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) -(Measures Diabetes Distress)	A 20-item psychometrically validated self-report questionnaire on a 5 point Likert scale (0= not problem; 4= a serious problem). The scores are summed and multiplied by 1.25. Minimum value = 0; Maximum value = 100. Higher scores denote higher levels of diabetes related distress. The cutoff for significant distress is 33; a score of 40 is consistent with diabetes burn-out.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale (DSES)	An 8-item psychometrically validated self-report questionnaire on a 10- point Likert Scale (1= Not confident at all; 10 = Totally confident). This scale measures diabetes self efficacy, a critical pathway to improved self-management that refers to an individual's confidence in their ability to perform key diabetes self-management behaviors. Scores are derived as the mean of the 8 questions. Minimum score =1; Maximum Score = 10. Higher scores denote higher diabetes self-efficacy.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Hemoglobin A1c (A1C)	A blood test that measures the percentage of glycated hemoglobin in red blood cells as a means of estimating the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding two to three months. Lower percentage denote better blood glucose levels and may range from 4.5% in persons without diabetes t0 >15% in persons with poorly managed hyperglycemia. . An A1C <7% has been associated with prevention of diabetes complications. A1C>9% denotes chronic,severe blood glucose elevation. All tests were performed at VAPHS according to National Glyco-hemoglobin Standardization Program-approved methods.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS)	A 15-item psychometrically validated questionnaire on a 6-point Likert scale (1=Almost Always and 6= Never) The scale is scored by computing the mean of the 15 items. (Minimum score = 1; maximum score = 6). Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional (trait) mindfulness. Average score in the general US population is 4.22. Mindfulness is a mental state achieved by focusing one's awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Body Weight	Weight in pounds	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Blood Pressure	Change in mean arterial blood pressure, calculated as blood pressure + 2 (diastolic blood pressure) divided by 3.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ8)	The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) is a standardized, validated scale that assesses 8 key symptoms of depression experienced over the prior two weeks on a 4-point Likert scale (0=not at all; 3= nearly every day). It is the same as the PHQ-9, without the question regarding suicidal ideation. Score is the sum of the 8 items (Minimum value =0; Maximum= 24). A score of 10 or greater is considered major depression, 20 or more is severe major depression.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version (PCL-C)	The Abbreviated PCL-C is a validated 6-item civilian version of the PTSD check- list designed for use in general medical settings to assess symptoms of PTSD using a 5-point Likert scale. Scores reflect how much the participant has been bothered by specific PTSD symptoms during the past month. (0= "not at all; 4= "extremely") .Scores are summed. (Minimum value =0; maximum values = 24). Scores >14 are suggestive of PTSD, with higher scores reflecting greater PTSD symptoms.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), General Diet	A 2-item subscale of the psychometrically validated SDSCA that measures the frequency of general dietary behaviors each day over the past 7-days and number of days per week over the past month (0= no days; 7 = 7 days). Scores = mean number of days per week ( Minimum score =0; maximum score = 7) . Higher scores denote healthier dietary behaviors.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), Specific Diet	A 2-item subscale of the psychometrically validated SDSCA that measures the frequency of eating fruits and vegetables and high fat foods each day over the past 7-days. Minimum maximum values = (0= no days; 7 = 7 days). 1 item is scored as mean number of days (Minimum score =0; maximum score = 7), while the 2nd item is summed and reversed (0= 7days; 7= 0 days). The scores for the two items are summed for the subscale score (Minimum score=0; maximum score =7) Higher scores denote healthier dietary behaviors. Each subscale of the SDSCA is scored separately, without a calculated composite score.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Space Carbohydrates	One item from the SDSCA that assesses the number of days over the past 7-days in which the participant spaced carbohydrates evenly throughout the day. Minimum score 0; maximum score 7. Higher scores denote healthier dietary behaviors.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)- Exercise	A 2-item subscale of the SDSCA that measures the number of days over the past 7-days on which the participant engaged in physical activity . Score = mean score of days over the past 7 days (Min.=1; Max.=7). Higher scores denote healthier exercise behaviors. Each SDSCA subscale scored separately.	baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)- - Footcare	A 2-item subscale of the SDSCA that measures the number of days the participant 1) inspected their feet and 2) inspected the inside of their shoes over the past 7-days. Score = mean number of days (Min=0; max=7). Higher scores denote healthier footcare behaviors.	baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)- Blood Glucose Testing	A 2-item subscale of the SDSCA that measures 1) the number of days on which the participant tested their blood glucose over the past 7 days and 2) the number of days on which they tested their blood glucose according to the number of times recommended by their health care provider over the past 7-days. Scores= mean number of days per week. Minimum score is 0 Maximum score is 7.Higher scores denote healthier self-monitoring behaviors. Each SDSCA subscale scored separately	baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)- - Smoking	A 2-item subscale of the SDSCA that measures 1) whether the participant smoked even a puff of a cigarette in the past 7 days (0=no; 1= yes) and 2) if so, the number of cigarettes smoked on an average day. The scores are summed. Minimum score =0, maximum score = >40. Lower scores denote healthier smoking behaviors.	baseline,12 weeks, 24 weeks
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA)- - Medication Adherence	A 2-item subscale of the SDCSA that measures the frequency of 1) taking prescribed insulin and 2)prescribed number of diabetes pills each day over the past 7-days. Scores from the 2 items are summed. Minimum score =0; maximum score = 7). Higher scores denote greater adherence to diabetes medications. Participants entered N/A if they were not prescribed insulin or diabetes pills. Each subscale of the SDSCA is scored independently with no calculated composite score.	baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in 6-item PROMIS Short Form v1.0 Pain Interference 6 b	A psychometrically validated 7-item instrument on a 5 point Likert scale (1= "not at all"- 5 and "very much") determining the degree to which pain has interfered with aspects of daily living during the past 7 days. It is a general and not disease-specific measure of pain. Scores are summed (Min. value = 6; Max value =35). Total raw scores are then converted into a T-score for each participant. The T-scores rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)	Seven psychometrically tested items on a 4 point Likert scale that measure difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep (0= none; 4=very severe) and satisfaction with current sleep patterns (0=very satisfied; 4=very dissatisfied), Noticeable impairment of quality of life (0= not noticeable; 4= very much noticeable), Worry/distress re: sleep (0=not at all worried; 4=very much worried); Interference of sleep problem to daily functioning (0=not interfering; 4= very much interfering). Scores are summed. Minimum score = 0; maximum score = 20). Higher scores denote greater insomnia severity. Scores over 14 denote insomnia; Scores 8 to 14 denote subthreshold insomnia.	baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: VA Office of Research and Development
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Monica M. DiNardo, PhD ARNP CDE, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System University Drive Division, Pittsburgh, PA

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• DiNardo MM, Greco C, Phares AD, Beyer NM, Youk AO, Obrosky DS, Morone NE, Owen JE, Saba SK, Suss SJ, Siminerio L. Effects of an integrated mindfulness intervention for veterans with diabetes distress: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022 Mar;10(2):e002631. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002631.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 9, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): April 9, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 4, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 6, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): October 10, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 28, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 27, 2021
• Last Verified: May 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Mindfulness; Diabetes Distress
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus
• Other Study ID Numbers: NRI 15-150

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No
• IPD Plan Description: There are currently no plans to share Individual Participant Data (IPD).

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No