Aerobic and Tai Chi Exercise Among the Smoker University Students

August 7, 2019 updated by: Riphah International University

Comparison of Aerobic & Tai Chi Exercise on Cardiopulmonary Endurance Levels Among the Smoker University Students

It has also been observed that exercise reduces weight gain up to two years after quitting. Weight gain is often mentioned as a reason not to quit smoking, or as a reason to start smoking again. In addition, exercise has many other general benefits for smokers who have quit. However, the focus of the current research is the evaluate the effect of Aerobic& Tai Chi exercise on cardiopulmonary endurance levels among the smoker students within the University of Lahore. On the basis of comparison between two techniques, the study further concludes the findings by highlighting the strength of each technique.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Currently, in Latin America and in the world, there is a strong focus on treatment and prevention in the population of all ages, with an emphasis on identifying and reducing modifiable risk factors that increases the possibility of chronic disease development among smokers.

Due to limited knowledge, people have develop the conception that Tai-Chi is not effective as much as high intensity exercises such as hiking, jumping ropes, biking and other aerobic exercises. Since last three decades the controversy related to effectiveness of Tai-chi exercises was persistent and to avoid the confusion a research was conducted on 25 Tai-chi students age range between 20-60years. The students were enrolled in the course of 7 years and was learning Yang style of Tai chi. The researchers have selected blood pressure, pulse and heart rate to assess the effectiveness of Tai-chi techniques and the data was recorded before and after the training of Tai-chi techniques. Through the findings of the study, they have observed that with light or easy frequency, the heart rate out of the maximum heart rate, the cardiovascular stimulus reached between 60 to 80% of the criteria introduced by the American Heart Association (AHA).

Accordingly, if these exercises performed at high performance, there was a minimum stimulation of the heart and observed at less than 60% of the maximum heart rate. Therefore, people who suffer from high blood pressure, or those who recovered from heart attacks or heart surgeries, high performance is a better option. According to specialists, a person can easily reach the standards set by the AHA by practicing Tai Chi three times a day.

When Tai Chi movements are performed quickly, they have the same beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system as aerobic exercise without creating the tension or stress. The physical stimulation can the be achieved by practicing the slow movements while using weights on the ankles, arms or body. Tai Chi is a very safe way of doing exercises and offers the same benefits as aerobic exercises, with no subsequent consequences.

Researchers state that high intensity exercise cannot be considered a complete physical activity. Although their influence on cardiovascular and muscular disorders is very high, but they do not necessary benefit other part of the body. On the other hand, Tai Chi has a significant impact on the overall body system and has the ability to rehabilitate any kind of body functioning disorder as compared to aerobic exercises. Along with that, age limitation, muscle strength and other environmental factors are the major concerns that influence the ability of performing Aerobic exercises with the full capacity. However, this is not the case with Tai-Chi exercises, in fact clinicians advise older people to perform the Tai chi technique to reduce the effect of cardiac disorders and improve body immune system.

On the other hand, traditional and advanced medical treatment, physical activity and exercise in the form of aerobic exercises are well-organized therapies for Heart failure risks. Although, researchers have presented controversial arguments related to the effectiveness of aerobic exercises with respect to rehabilitation, and continuous practice of such technique has shown quite positive and admirable effects to improve cardiac function, and reduced symptoms related to HF. In people with normal cardiac function, the practice of aerobic exercise results in a better cardiovascular function and better oxygen consumption as well as a lower heart rate at rest and a greater double product. The improvement in oxygen consumption is the result of an increase in cardiac performance and a greater extraction of oxygen in the muscles that are working. The best cardiac performance results from an increase in ventricular filling and beat volume.

Most importantly, Taichi not only supposes a multitude of advantages in the systems and parts of the body that habitually can improve with other exercises, but also it affects the circulation of the blood and the arterial tension because it activates intestinal functioning of the nervous system. Each of the movements of Tai Chi seeks to channel and release all energy to achieve a state of maximum peace of mind. In order to achieve the desired effects, concentration is extensively important along with breathing and movements.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

87

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Pakistan
    • Federal
      • Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan, 44000
        • Riphah International University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 27 years (ADULT)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • University students of smokers (Mild to moderate) (nicotine level)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Person with psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders, malignancies.
  • Diagnosed Cardiac disease.
  • Age less than 18 years and more than 27 years.
  • Musculoskeletal disease that he was unable to perform aerobic exercises,
  • Neuromuscular diseases that he was unable to maintain balance,
  • Pulmonary issues like asthmatic students will be excluded

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: SUPPORTIVE_CARE
  • Allocation: RANDOMIZED
  • Interventional Model: PARALLEL
  • Masking: NONE

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Tai chi
(Yang 24 postures) Moderate intensity HRR (40%-60%)
Other: Tai chi

Session:

• 3 times a week for 30-45 min.

Duration:

• For 6 weeks

Warm-up:

• 10-15 mints

Cool-down:

• 10-15 mints or stretching's

Exercises time:

• 20-30 mints
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Aerobic Training
Elliptical Moderate intensity HRR (40%-60%)
Other: Aerobic Training

Session:

• 3 times a week for 30-45 min.

Duration:

• For 6 weeks

Warm-up:

• 10-15 mints

Cool-down:

• 10-15 mints or stretching's

Exercises time:

• 20-30 mints

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Shuttle run test (VO2 max)
Time Frame: 6 weeks
Changes from the Baseline. This test is used to measure cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular fitness and maximum oxygen uptake VO2 max. VO2 max= 3.46*(L+SN/ (L*0.4325+7.0048)) + 12.2) Rating from Excellent to Poor cardiopulmonary endurance.
6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Nicotine (cotinine drug test kit) urine strip tests:
Time Frame: 6 weeks
Changes from the Baseline. The actual level of impregnation can be found more accurately by assessing the concentration of cotinine in the urine according to 3 detection levels (low / medium / high). Low concentration 1-3 cigarettes per day, Medium 3 to 10 cigarettes per day and High concentration 10 cigarettes per day
6 weeks
Digital Spirometer peak expiratory flow PEF, FEV1 - Forced Expiratory Volume and Forced vital Capacity FVC
Time Frame: 6 weeks
Changes from the Baseline. The digital spirometer is used in clinical setting to analyze peak expiratory flow PEF in Liter/second. FEV1 - Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second in liter and Forced vital Capacity in Liter
6 weeks
Glover Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ)
Time Frame: 6 weeks
Changes from the baseline The Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavior Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) is a self-report measure of behavioral dependence based on behaviors that may surround smoking or thoughts about smoking. Scores fall within a range of 0-33, with scores of 0 indicating mild behavioral dependence, and scores of 33 indicating very strong behavioral dependence
6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Riphah International University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (ACTUAL)

February 14, 2018

Primary Completion (ACTUAL)

November 20, 2018

Study Completion (ACTUAL)

December 10, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

February 8, 2019

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 20, 2019

First Posted (ACTUAL)

February 22, 2019

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)

August 8, 2019

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

August 7, 2019

Last Verified

August 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • RiphahIU Ibraheem Zafar

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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