Effect of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire

Nicotine is a psychoactive substance and its effect is demonstrated by neuronal nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors excreted in the brain and periphery. Psychoactive substances such as nicotine and caffeine play a role in rewarding through the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The released dopamine produces pharmacological effects that can cause pleasurable emotions. These effects are an important factor in maintaining smoking motivation.

The rate of absorption of nicotine from the buccal mucosa, the rate and amount of dependence, significantly affects the risk. In addition to PH, other factors such as local blood flow, product nematode, size and surface area of the tobacco mixture, constant pH holding capacity, and nicotine content of the tobacco can affect nicotine absorption. To facilitate the absorption of nicotine from the buccal mucosa, various substances that increase absorption have been investigated. Increased alkalinity has been shown to increase nicotine absorption and physiological effects by buffering alkaline pH values with moist snuff products and nicotine gums. Although other factors may affect the nicotine absorption rate in oral tobacco, it is stated that the main factor that determines the rate of nicotine absorption is pH.

Factors that trigger nicotine use include stress in daily life, daily routines, eating and drinking habits, and especially the use of caffeine. The chronic use of caffeine causes tolerance in many of its effects, and the use of nicotine reduces tolerance effects and also potentiates the effects stimulated through the dopaminergic pathway. It has been reported that smokers consume more caffeine than non-smokers.

In the present study, the relationship between oral pH and cigarette demand after caffeine consumption will be investigated. Until now, the relation between cigarette pre- and post-caffeine saliva pH and cigarette smoking has not been investigated. In addition, the effects of drinking behavior and changes in salivary pH on cigarette desire will be investigated and evidence of behavioral methods applied in cigarette smoking cessation treatment will be provided.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Smoking Behaviors
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: caffeine

Detailed Description

Nicotine dependence is accepted as the most common disease and can be treated with medical methods like other diseases. Scientifically proven pharmacotherapy as well as cognitive and behavioral therapy play an important role in reducing cigarette smoking. In this context, it is suggested that the motivation of the person should be questioned, the daily behavioral models should be questioned, the elements triggering the desire for smoking should be identified and the methods of combating them should be developed and the usual vital actions including eating and drinking should be organized. Consumption of acidic foods causes acidic pH in the mouth and salivation increases in order to neutralize it. After meals; tea or coffee, it was reported that smoking desire increases.

Caffeine is another psychostimulant substance found in varying proportions in coffee and tea, and its antagonistic effects on the locomotor system are at adenosine receptors level. Stimulated at low doses and depressed at high doses. Nicotine has a stimulating effect on locomotor activity in chronic use. The chronic use of caffeine causes tolerance in many effects, and nicotine use decreases tolerance effects and also potentiates the effects stimulated through the dopaminergic pathway. It has been reported that smokers consume more caffeine than non-smokers. There are also studies reporting that there is no interaction between caffeine and nicotine and that cocaine consumption increases cigarette smoking as well as epidemiological studies that relate caffeine and nicotine concurrent consumption to pharmacological effects rather than pharmacological effects after food and between studies that are the two most common actions due to stress. However, this effect is not entirely due to the pharmacological effects of caffeine, but influences the intraoral pH and affects the cigarette smoking desire. In this study, the main aim is to investigate the effect of changes in salivary pH on the desire to smoke and how the drinking behavior of water affected this desire.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 82
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • İzmir, Turkey, 35340
    • Dokuz Eylül University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 45 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Not having an active disease
2. Be between the ages of 18 and 45
3. Not using antibiotics in the last two weeks
4. Do not use inhaler treatments
5. Not to have an oral or salivary gland disease
6. One week after menstrual bleeding in female cases
7. At least 10 pack years (P / Y) cigarette story in the case group

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Being an active disease
2. <18 years and> 45 years old
3. Having used antibiotics in the last two weeks
4. Use inhaler treatments
5. Oral and salivary gland disease
6. One week after menstrual bleeding in female cases
7. Being in the luteal phase
8. Menstrual irregularity
9. Being pregnant
10. Taking hormonal treatment

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Other: smoking group; 35 smoking case	Other: caffeine; At room temperature (18-25 ° C) the same place and standard environment will be done. All involved cases will undergo a dental examination and within 30 minutes three samples of saliva will be taken, including first sample, after coffee drink and after drinking water. The pH of samples will be measured and the smoking cessation rate of the smoking cigarette smoker with simultaneous VAS (VISUAL ANALOG SCALA) will be measured. This data will be compared in-house and non-smoking control group; Other Names: water
Other: nonsmoking group; 35 nonsmoking case	Other: caffeine; At room temperature (18-25 ° C) the same place and standard environment will be done. All involved cases will undergo a dental examination and within 30 minutes three samples of saliva will be taken, including first sample, after coffee drink and after drinking water. The pH of samples will be measured and the smoking cessation rate of the smoking cigarette smoker with simultaneous VAS (VISUAL ANALOG SCALA) will be measured. This data will be compared in-house and non-smoking control group; Other Names: water

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
To investigate the changes in salivary pH after coffee consumption	salivary pH measurement	30 minutes after intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
to investigate how drinking of water affect the smoking desire	smoking desire will be assessed by visual analog scale with 1 is for minimum and 10 is for maximum desire for smoking	30 minutes after intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Dokuz Eylul University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 31, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): January 31, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 19, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 23, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): July 25, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 26, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 24, 2019
• Last Verified: July 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: caffeine; pH; nicotin
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Enzyme Inhibitors; Purinergic Antagonists; Purinergic Agents; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Caffeine
• Other Study ID Numbers: 437-SBKAEK

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No