Videogame for the Prevention of Doping and Supplement Abuse in Teenage Athletes

TRUE CHAMPION: An Educational Videogame Intervention for the Prevention of Doping and Supplement Abuse in Teenage Athletes

The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of an interactive doping education videogame among student athletes. Specifically, the game will teach athletes aged 13-16 years about the risks of doping and will foster the values, motivation, and behavioural skills needed to avoid temptation and pressure to dope. The investigators hypothesize that student athletes who play the intervention game will have lower use of banned substances and sport supplements, greater intentions to stay clean, and will also show improvements in the cognitive and motivational antecedents to doping when compared to a control condition.

Study Overview

• Status: Unknown
• Conditions: Performance Enhancing Product Use; Doping in Sport
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Videogame; Behavioral: Control

Detailed Description

284 student athletes will be enrolled in this two-arm quasi-experimental study. The participants will be boys and girls, aged 13 to 16 years who compete in any sport. Participants will be recruited and enrolled through partnerships with their school physical education and/or sport programs. Participants will complete baseline questionnaires assessing demographics, history of sport participation, and psychological variables related to doping prevention including knowledge, doping self-regulatory efficacy, motivation, attitudes, intentions, perceived norms, doping refusal, substance use behaviours, and doping related protective behaviours (e.g., checking the list of ingredients on medications). Participants will then be assigned to either an intervention group (n = 142; the doping videogame the investigators are developing) or a comparison group (n = 142). The comparison group will be given printed educational materials about doping education, developed by an accredited source (e.g., UNESCO). Assignment to the intervention or comparison group will be conducted at the level of the school to reduce the potential for contamination that could occur if intervention and comparison students were interacting in their school environment and sharing information they learned from the game. Participants from the intervention group will play five, 60-minute sessions over the course of one month (5 hours of total gameplay). Before the gameplay sessions begin, the Project Director and research assistants will orient the intervention group participants to the use of the intervention videogame. Players will be given a tutorial on an iPad demonstrating the mechanics of the game and how to use the iPad. Each player will have their own dedicated iPad that they will use during each game play session (this will be provided by the research team). Shortly after the last gameplay session is completed, participants from both groups will be asked to complete a questionnaire assessing the same psychological variables assessed at baseline as well as their gameplay experience. The psychological variables will also be assessed at three, six, and 12 month follow-ups.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 284
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 13 years to 16 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subject competes in a competitive sport at the high school level or higher
• Able to read and understand English

Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Videogame; Educational videogame, five 60-minute sessions over one month	Behavioral: Videogame; True Champion is an educational, values-based game that aims to empower young athletes to make informed decisions to avoid doping. Participants engaging in the videogame sessions will encounter a series of thought-provoking situations and knowledge tests. Players will help their assigned character navigate through these curriculum-rich scenarios in order to reach their performance goals in a healthy and ethical way.
Active Comparator: Booklet; Educational booklet, one session	Behavioral: Control; Participants will be given an anti-doping booklet prepared by UNESCO. This booklet is considered standard educational material, i.e. what might be presented to young athletes as part of their regular sports curriculum.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Use of banned substances	Self-reported use of banned substances for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome)	12 months
Use of sport supplements	Self-reported use of supplements for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome)	12 months
Intentions to use banned substances and sport supplements	Self-reported intentions of using banned substances or supplements for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome)	12 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Knowledge	Knowledge of anti-doping rules, definitions and consequences of doping. This outcome will be assessed using a True/False questionnaire.	12 months
Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy	Self-efficacy for refusing doping under a variety of pressure situations. This outcome will be measured using a validated questionnaire. Scale: Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy Minimum value: 1 - no confidence (better outcome) Maximum value: 5 - complete confidence (worse outcome)	12 months
Motivation	Motivations for abstaining from doping. This outcome will be measured using an adaptation of a validated questionnaire. Scale: Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire for the Avoidance of Doping in Sport Minimum value: 1 - not true at all (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - very true (better outcome)	12 months
Attitudes	Attitudes towards doping in sport. This outcome will be measured using a subscale from a validated questionnaire. Scale: The Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory Minimum value: 1 - strongly disagree (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - strongly agree (better outcome) Note: some items are reverse-scored	12 months
Anti-doping protective behaviours	Self-reported engagement in behaviours linked to doping abstinence. Scale: Microbehaviours Minimum value: 1 - never (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - always (better outcome)	12 months
Doping refusal	Self-report of having refused a supplement or performance-enhancing substance. This outcome will be assessed using a Yes (worse outcome) or No (better outcome) questionnaire.	12 months
Gameplay experience	Enjoyment and acceptability of the True Champion videogame among players assigned to the intervention condition. This outcome will be assessed using a questionnaire we have created. Answers will range from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree".	1 month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: McGill University
• Collaborators: World Anti-Doping Agency; International Olympic Committee; Phantom Compass; Digitalmill, Inc.
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Lindsay R Duncan, PhD, McGill University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Goulet C, Valois P, Buist A, Cote M. Predictors of the use of performance-enhancing substances by young athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2010 Jul;20(4):243-8. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e0b935.
• Boardley I, Smith AL, Mills JP, Grix J, Wynne C., & Wilkins L. Development of Moral Disengagement and Self-Regulatory Efficacy Assessments Relevant to Doping in Sport and Exercise. SportRxiv, 12 Oct. 2017. Web.
• Chan DK, Dimmock JA, Donovan RJ, Hardcastle S, Lentillon-Kaestner V, Hagger MS. Self-determined motivation in sport predicts anti-doping motivation and intention: a perspective from the trans-contextual model. J Sci Med Sport. 2015 May;18(3):315-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
• Nicholls AR, Levy AR, Meir R, Sanctuary C, Jones L, Baghurst T, Thompson MA, Perry JL. The development and validation of the Adolescent Sport Drug Inventory (ASDI) among athletes from four continents. Psychol Assess. 2019 Nov;31(11):1279-1293. doi: 10.1037/pas0000750. Epub 2019 Jul 18.

Helpful Links

• True Champion Website

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): November 1, 2020
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 1, 2021
• Study Completion (Anticipated): June 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 11, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 16, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): December 18, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 16, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 15, 2020
• Last Verified: September 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Videogame; Supplements; Student athletes
• Other Study ID Numbers: 476-0418

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No