Examining a Digital Health Approach for Advancing Schizophrenia Illness Self-management and Provider Engagement

The effective treatment of schizophrenia is very challenging due to a number of factors.

These include issues such as poor engagement with treatment plans and care providers, limited contacts with providers due to under-resourced health services, and the challenges inherent to schizophrenia symptoms. The outcomes of these problems include frequent, lengthy, and costly hospital readmissions, low quality of life, high levels of distress, and difficulties engaging in valued community roles. Digital Health technologies are a promising model to help address these problems. They are a low cost and accessible form of support and have not been substantively developed or studied for people with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses. In this study, the feasibility of one such technology that is in development will be tested: App4Independence (A4i). A4i provides customized coping prompts, peer-peer networking, and a portal that facilitates better provider engagement. This research will provide critical information in the development of this new technology to address a key problem in the field - how to enhance care in a resource-limited context where provider-patient contacts are brief, infrequent, and rely on in the moment recall and self-advocacy by patients. These findings will lay the groundwork for a larger program of research and software development that will (i) validate the technology across multiple sites and, (ii) catalyze engagement with healthcare systems and caregiver networks to scale-out access to this promising resource.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizo Affective Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: A4i Intervention

Detailed Description

Problem Statement: Among schizophrenia-spectrum populations, adherence to treatment is poor, community-based supports are limited, and efforts to foster illness self-management have had limited success. These challenges contribute to frequent, lengthy, and costly hospital readmissions and poor functional outcomes. Digital health strategies, in turn, hold considerable promise in the effort to address these problems. Across healthcare domains, digital health is a rapidly growing area due to its potential reach, accessibility, low cost, and implications for the use of data to customize treatments and identify risk trajectories. Despite this promise and for reasons that are not entirely clear, the development and study of digital health strategies for more severe mental health conditions such as schizophrenia is much less developed than other domains of healthcare.

Objective: This feasibility trial will examine a digital health platform designed to enhance illness self-management and treatment engagement for individuals with schizophrenia.

Technology: The investigators and collaborators have developed and piloted a digital technology called App4Independence (A4i). This platform was designed to (i) help prevent social isolation through behavioral activation prompts and peer-peer strategy sharing, (ii) enhance coping with schizophrenia symptoms through functions that draw on evidence-based strategies (e.g., texted tips derived from cognitive and behavioral therapies) and provide a novel technology that assists with the identification of auditory hallucinations, (iii) enhance treatment adherence through scheduling, text and reminder functions, (iv) track level of wellness/risk and progress on personal goals through both active (self-ratings) and passive (sleep monitoring proxy) metrics, and (v) facilitate communications with care providers through a provider dashboard summarizing platform-collected data gathered between appointments.

Partners: This study builds on a partnership between the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (research capability, mental health service and associated expertise, access to patient populations) and MEMOTEXT, a health technology company with a track record of success in digital health approaches across multiple health conditions and care contexts.

Study Design: This single blind, randomized controlled trial examines the feasibility of A4i. Feasibility metrics include study recruitment and retention, rate of technology use, safety, and utility in clinical interactions. Other outcome metrics include symptomatology, treatment adherence, patient-provider alliance, and quality of life. In this trial, study participants will be randomized to either treatment or control conditions, with pre-post outcomes measured over a 6-month period.

Implications: This research will provide critical information for the development of this new technology in the larger effort to address a key problem in the schizophrenia field - how to leverage technology to enhance illness self-management and care engagement in resource-limited service contexts. These findings will lay the groundwork for larger trials assessing the impacts of A4i on hospital readmission and functioning - providing essential evidence for commercialization and expanded access to this tool. This work is at the forefront of international efforts to explore and validate digital health approaches for schizophrenia.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 91
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6R2C4
      • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Participants will be adults, 18 years of age or older, with a chart diagnosis of a DSM-5 schizophrenia spectrum illness confirmed by a structured diagnostic interview (SCID-5)40.
2. All participants will be engaged in outpatient psychiatric treatment.
3. Proficiency in English.
4. Own and use an Android or iOS smartphone.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Lack of capacity with no identified substitute decision maker.
2. Intellectual disability.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: A4i Intervention; App4Independence (A4i) Experimental: A4i Intervention App4Independence (A4i) The study intervention is the digital health platform A4i. A4i operates on the individual's own phone with or without data. Specific A4i functionality includes: Addressing social isolation and cognitive challenges through personalized prompts, scheduling of activities, and connections to a range of resources.; Fostering illness self-management through evidence-informed content.; A peer-peer engagement platform that facilitates strategy/tip sharing between users (anonymous and moderated).; Daily wellness and goal attainment check-ins.; An ambient sound detector with an oscilloscope-type indicator that assists individuals with auditory hallucinations separate hallucinations from real sounds.; Passively collected data on phone use as a proxy for sleep.; A provider dashboard. Both control and experimental condition participants will be receiving standard outpatient care (TAU).	Behavioral: A4i Intervention; 6 months of the provision of A4i on the individual's own device.; Other Names: A4i
No Intervention: Treatment As Usual; Treatment as usual participants will be recieving outpatient mental health care through the standard supports (most typically, case management and psychiatric support) that are available in a large, Canadian, urban centre.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Recruitment	Number of individuals successfully recruited into the trial with a target of 91.	Through recruitment process an average of 1 week during a 21 month recruitment period.
Retention	Number of participants retained in the study through to post-intervention evaluation. The target is retaining 85% of participants recruited.	6 months per participant in a 27 month period.
App Interactions	Number of interactions with the app will be collected including information on the combined time and frequency of use for each participant.	Up to 6 months.
Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events	Safety/tolerability will be assessed through information gathered via all study-related interactions with significant safety concerns operationalized as one or more critical incidents occurring in which there is evidence of an association between the incident and App use.	Up to 6 months.
App Likes	Total number of posts liked for each participant will be collected.	Up to 6 months.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
BSI: Psychiatric Symptoms	General symptomatology will be assessed using the 53-item, 5-point likert scale Brief Symptom Inventory. Range 0-212. Lower values are better.	Baseline-6 months.
BARS: Medication Adherence	Medication adherence will be measured using the 4-item Brief Adherence Rating Scale with responses obtained by both providers and participants to assess medication adherence. There are two indicators, both are pre-post changes, "days not taken" and "days taken less", and both are not scored as a percentage. The change scores for taking medication less (days taken less) and medication not taken (days not taken) were calculated as the difference from their 6 month score minus their baseline score. An value of "better" was assigned when the change score is > 0, value of "no change" was assigned when the change score is = 0, and a value of "worse" value was assigned when the change score is < 0.	Baseline-6 months.
STAR-P: Patient Relationship With Clinician	Provider-Patient Clinical Alliance will be assessed with Scale to Assess the Therapeutic Relationship - Patient to measure patient perspective of provider-patient relationship. This 12-item measure employing a 5-point likert scale has been used extensively in studies of outpatient care for severe mental illness. This measure supports patient and provider versions. Higher values are better. Range 0-48.	Baseline-6 months.
QLS: Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale	The Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale, has 21 items, is well validated for schizophrenia, and captures sense of purpose, motivation, emotional and social interaction, role functioning, and engagement in regular activities. Higher values are better. Range 0-126. Pre-post change scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-score from the post score (= post - pre).	Baseline-6 months.
PANSS: Schizophrenia Symptoms	Schizophrenia-specific symptomatology will be assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Lower values are better. Range 30-210. Pre-post change scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-score from the post score (= post - pre).	Baseline-6 months.
GAIN-SS	Global Appraisal of Individual Needs- Short Screener (GAIN-SS) - Instrument used for screening possible internalizing or externalizing psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, or crime and violence problems. Lower values are better. Range 0-20. Pre-post change scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-score from the post score (= post - pre).	Baseline-6 months.
MOS: Treatment Adherence - General	The 5-item, 6-point likert scale Medical Outcomes Study general adherence scale to capture broader adherence to treatment recommendations (again triangulated with provider responses). Higher values are better. Range 5-26. Pre-post change scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-score from the post score (= post - pre).	Baseline-6 months.
Appointment Attendance	The average rate of scheduled appointments attended through EMR audit at CAMH or provider report at non-CAMH sites. No show vs. attending rates for both arms do not add up to 100% since an additional measure of cancelled rates was measured in the RCT. However, this variable was excluded from analysis since in the client's medical records it is unclear whether the clinician or client cancelled the appointment.	Baseline-6 months.
STAR-C: Clinician Relationship With Patient	Provider-Patient Clinical Alliance will be assessed with Scale to Assess the Therapeutic Relationship - Patient to measure patient perspective of provider-patient relationship. This 12-item measure employing a 5-point likert scale has been used extensively in studies of outpatient care for severe mental illness. This measure supports patient and provider versions. Higher values are better. Range 0-48. Pre-post change scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-score from the post score (= post - pre).	Baseline - 6 months
SUH - Patients	Service Use History measure to assess past month service use history. Number of visits due to physical health issues (in the past 6 months) included the sum of: family doctor, ER, walk-in clinic, and other services Number of visits due to mental health issues (in the past 6 months) included the sum of: sum of family doctor, outpatient, psychologist, social worker, community service There is no limit on the scale range since it is based on the number of visits to various services in the past 6 months.	baseline - 6 months
SUH - Clinicians	Service Use History measure to assess past month service use history of patient participant. Number of visits due to physical health issues (in the past 6 months) included the sum of: family doctor, ER, walk-in clinic, and other services for the patient participant Number of visits due to mental health issues (in the past 6 months) included the sum of: sum of family doctor, outpatient, psychologist, social worker, community service for the patient participant There is no limit on the scale range since it is based on the number of visits to various services in the past 6 months.	Baseline - 6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 4, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 1, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 20, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): October 26, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 22, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 29, 2026
• Last Verified: April 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Mobile Health; Smartphone; Digital Health
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; Mental Disorders; Schizophrenia; Psychotic Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 028/2020

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: The plan is to share study metrics with participant identifiers removed (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity".
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: These data will be provided after the publication of study results.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No