Bedtime Routines and Children's Health

Bedtime Routines and Health-related Outcomes in School-age Children

In Taiwan, the prevalence of sleep problems, myopia, and dental caries in school-age children is high. Little is known regarding the implementation of oral and vision health outcomes around bedtime. A bedtime routine intervention was conducted to improve children's oral, vision and sleep health.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Sleep; Dental Caries; Myopia; Asthenopia
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Bedtime routine; Behavioral: Control

Detailed Description

Background: In Taiwan, the prevalence of sleep problems, myopia, and dental caries in school-age children is high. Recent studies show that there are some linkages between sleep, myopia, and dental caries; however, most of the studies were observational studies and lack of interventional studies. In addition, little is known regarding the implementation of oral and vision health outcomes around bedtime. Establishing beneficial bedtime routines is recommended for improving health-related outcomes. Brush-Book-Bed (BBB), a bedtime routine program proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, has been widely applied in Western countries as a bedtime guideline. Therefore, in current research, researchers will apply the concept of BBB into practice with primary caregivers with the hope to improve sleep, dental health, and vision health outcomes.

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of a BBB intervention group to control groups in school-age children.

Method: This study is a pilot interventional study. A total of 200 first graders will be allocated to either the intervention group or the control group. Inclusion criteria include (1) sleep duration less than 9 hours or more than 11 hours (2) average bedtime later than 9:30 p.m. Exclusion criteria include (1) intellectual disability prior to pre-school age diagnosed by physicians (2) special education students (3) less than 15 school day per month (4) medications used that influence sleep (5) congenital eye diseases (6) dental emergencies. Individual permuted block randomization will be used for the assignment. Intervention includes bedtime brushing, limited sugar consumption around bedtime, reading books instead of using screen devices before bed, setting a regular bedtime, turning off the light, and reaching a 9 to 11-hour sleep duration. Researchers will send interactive reminder messages periodically to maintain participants' compliance. Sleep questionnaires include CSHQ, modified Bedtime Routine Questionnaires, a sleep diary, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Oral hygiene evaluation includes salivary pH value and salivary flow rate. The near vision test and refractive error are evaluated as myopia measurements. Asthenopia pictures and critical flicker fusion frequency are used to measure subjective eye fatigue. Moreover, a self-administered questionnaire related to sleep, oral hygiene, and vision health is also measured. Intervention Feasibility will be asked with open-ended questionnaires immediately after the intervention. Data analyses will be conducted using SPSS Statistics 22.0. The findings of this pilot study will provide the basis for developing a tailored bedtime routine for Taiwanese children. which can be applied in further interventional studies. In addition, outcome indicators can act as proxies, early detection if potential risks of sleep problems, and vision or oral diseases.

Estimated Result: School-age children who receive BBB intervention will have significantly better health-related outcomes than those without after the intervention, the third and sixth months post-intervention.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 160
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Taiwan
  • Taipei, Taiwan, 10051
    • Tsai, Han-Yi

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 6 years to 8 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Children whose average bedtime later than 9:30 pm
2. Children who sleep less than 9 hours or more than 11 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

1. intellectual disability prior to pre-school age diagnosed by physicians
2. special education students
3. less than 15 school day per month
4. medications used that influence sleep
5. congenital eye diseases
6. dental emergencies

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: control group; healthy lifestyle checklist	Behavioral: Control; a healthy control checklist
Experimental: Bedtime routine; A bedtime routine intervention handbook and check list, including bedtime brushing, limited sugar consumption around bedtime, reading books instead of using screen devices before bed, setting a regular bedtime, turning off the light, and reaching a 9 to 11-hour sleep duration	Behavioral: Bedtime routine; a regular routine conducted around bedtime includes brush, book reading and regular bedtime

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
the change of bedtime activities and sleep patterns	self-administered sleep diary, including sleep patterns, screen device use 2 hours before bedtime, caffine food intake	7 days at baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of bedtime routines	Bedtime routine questionnaire (Handerson & Jordan, 2010): the subscale of bedtime consistency and bedtime adaptive activities	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of children's sleep habits	Children's sleep habits questionnaire, CSHQ (Owens et al., 2000). Higher score means more disturbed sleep. The internal consistency for both the community sample was 0.68; alpha coefficients for the various subscales of the CSHQ ranged from 0.36 (Parasomnias) to 0.70 (Bedtime Resistance) for the community sample. Test-retest reliability was acceptable (range 0.62 to 0.79).	three month post intervention and six month post intervention
The change of caregiver's sleep quality	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI (Buysse et al., 1989). The global PSQI score greater than 5 yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% (kappa = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in distinguishing good and poor sleepers.	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
The change of caregiver's daytime sleepiness	Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS (Johns et al., 1991). The internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. Higher scores means more daytimes sleepiness.	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
The change of pediatric daytime sleepiness	Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness (Drake et al., 2003). Scores ranged from 0 to 32. Mean score values in the original study were 15.3 ± 6.2. Higher scores indicate greater sleepiness.	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
the change of myopia	near vision eye chart	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of stereopsis	stereo book	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of objective Asthenopia	handy flicker for critical fusion frequency test. Normal CFF ranged between 30 to 50 Hz	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of subjective Asthnopia	self-administered pictures for eye symptoms. Higher score means more eye fatigue.	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of oral pH	pH values was tested using MACHEREY-NAGEL pH strips.	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention; before bedtime after brushing and rising time before brushing
the change of salivary flow rate	Oral Schirmer's test for five minutes before bedtime after brushing and rising time before brushing	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention
the change of health-related cognition	A total of 21 questionnaires Seven questionnaire were asked for children in eye, teeth and sleep dimension to examine the effectiveness of interventions	baseline, three month post intervention and six month post intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Taiwan University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 31, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 31, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): January 31, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 21, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 9, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): January 21, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 30, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 27, 2023
• Last Verified: March 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: sleep; Myopia; dental caries; bedtime routine
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Eye Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Diseases; Refractive Errors; Dental Caries; Myopia; Asthenopia
• Other Study ID Numbers: 202007HM010

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No