Feasibility of an Interprofessional Rehabilitation Program for Chronic Low Back Patients in the Ethiopian Health Setting (IRP)

A Pilot Randomized Control Trial to Test the Feasibility of Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Interprofessional Rehabilitation Program for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain in Ethiopia: A Study Protocol

The overall aim of this pilot RCT is to assess the feasibility of conducting a future definitive randomized control trial (RCT) for evaluating the effectiveness of an interprofessional rehabilitation program compared to the usual care in adults with chronic low back pain in Ethiopia.

Specific objectives of this study include:

• To evaluate the feasibility of trial procedures (recruitment rate, retention rate, adherence rate).
• To explore the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention from the patients' and care providers' perspectives.
• To estimate the preliminary treatment effect and standard deviation of the relevant clinical outcome measures (physical functioning, pain intensity, workability, HRQoL, psychological functioning) in patients with CLBP to inform sample size calculation for the definitive RCT.

Patients with chronic low back pain diagnosed through focused history and physical examination are accepted for enrolment. Each eligible patient will have an equal chance to be allocated to the intervention or control group.

Participants of the intervention group will receive interprofessional rehabilitation for four weeks. Participants of the intervention group will receive interprofessional rehabilitation that contain components aimed at enabling optimal physical, psychological, and social functioning, including addressing the work abilities of patients. The components will include a comprehensive assessment, intensified physical activities and exercises, pain education, psychological support, occupational therapy, ergonomic interventions, and vocational counselling.

Participants in the comparison group will receive the usual care according to the current standard care for patients with chronic low back pain at the University of Gondar specialized referral hospital in Ethiopia for over four weeks.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Chronic Low-back Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Interprofessional rehabilitation program; Other: Usual standard care

Detailed Description

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the most common type of musculoskeletal pain, and it has a substantial negative consequence on the ability to engage in meaningful activities, participation in work, health-related quality of life, and social relationships. CLBP-related disability is increasing worldwide, and the majority of this increase is associated with the growing burden in low-and-middle-income countries, including Ethiopia.

A growing body of evidence from high-income countries indicates the effectiveness of interprofessional rehabilitation programs for patients with CLBP. The currently implemented biomedically focused fragmented care in low- and middle-income countries appears to have limited lasting effect, owing to long-term disability. Therefore, this pilot RCT aims to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a definitive RCT to assess the effectiveness of an interprofessional rehabilitation program compared to the usual care for patients with CLBP in Ethiopia. Accordingly, the investigators will evaluate some elements of full RCT, including recruitment and retention rate, adherence, acceptability of the intervention, sample size estimation, and participants' preliminary responses to the interventions. Hence, this study will substantially benefit in informing components of the main trial design, minimizing uncertainties, and increasing the likelihood of successfully conducting the definitive RCT in the future. In addition, this pilot RCT is expected to provide a source of evidence for other initiatives aimed at developing and implementing interprofessional rehabilitation programs in a similar context.

A two-arm parallel single-blinded pilot randomized control trial (RCT), with embedded qualitative interviews, will be employed to assess the feasibility of conducting a full RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of an interprofessional rehabilitation program compared to the usual care in patients with CLBP.

Sample size: The investigators will recruit a total of 40 (i.e., 20 in the intervention group and 20 in the control group) patients with CLBP.

A simple block randomization method with random block sizes of 4 to 8 will be employed to randomize participants into the intervention and control groups.

Data collection procedures: The data will be collected by a trained research assistant who will be blind to the group assignment using interviewer administered approach at three time points: at baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week immediately following the final visit for the intervention, and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion) to investigate whether the effects are sustained over time after the completion of the intervention.

In addition to the primary and secondary outcome measures, the study participants' socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, such as age, sex, educational level, marital status, and physical activities, will be collected at the baseline. A two-day training will be given to data collectors about the trial process, outcome measures, and tools used by PI.

For the embedded qualitative interviews, a research assistant will conduct a face-to-face, in-depth interview with treating health professionals and study participants during the intervention phase. A semi-structured interview guide will be used to conduct an interview. The interview will be conducted to explore the acceptability of the intervention and barriers and facilitators associated with the implementation of the intervention from both treating health professionals' and participants' perspectives. The investigators will also explore the perceptions and experiences of the study participants about the intervention they have received.

Data management and statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, proportions, and frequency distributions of all variables will be computed. The quantitative data analysis will be performed using SPSS version 27. The main analysis will be performed according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle.

The thematic text analysis approach as described by Braun and Clarke will be used to analyze the qualitative data.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 40
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Sintayehu Da Wami, PhD cand; Phone Number: 36710 6134834660; Email: 19sdw6@queensu.ca
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Jordan Miller, PhD; Phone Number: 36710 +1 6135336710; Email: jordan.miller@queensu.ca

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults above the age of 18 years
• Patients with chronic low back pain ('pain and discomfort localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without leg pain') that persists for 3 months or more will be included in this trial

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who have serious known spinal pathology (e.g., tumours, vertebral fractures, and inflammatory diseases), and spinal surgery within the last 12 months will be excluded.
• Participants with CLBP due to specific pathologies (e.g., infections, neoplasms, metastases, fractures, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, radiculopathies) or other inflammatory articular conditions (for example, ankylosing spondylitis), spinal stenosis, or fracture will also be excluded from the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Interprofessional rehabilitation program; Participants of the intervention group will receive an interprofessional rehabilitation program, which involve a combination of physical, psychological, behavioral, and/or vocational components, for four weeks.	Other: Interprofessional rehabilitation program; The interprofessional rehabilitation program includes a comprehensive assessment, intensified physical activities and exercises, pain education, psychotherapy, occupational therapy, ergonomic interventions, and psychosocial counselling in addition to the current treatment standards. The interprofessional rehabilitation program will be delivered in a combination of individual (one-to-one) and group sessions (in groups of 6 - 10 patients). Care providers will apply a combination of lectures and discussions, individual exercises, and group-based exercises and education. All sessions will be delivered face-to-face (in person). The intervention will be provided by a team of healthcare providers with different professional backgrounds and training. The interprofessional team may include experienced physicians (GPs), neurosurgeons, physiotherapists, nurses, occupational therapists, and clinical psychologists.; Other Names: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program
Active Comparator: Usual standard care; The control group participants will receive the usual standard care according to the current practices at the University of Gondar specialized hospital over the same four weeks.	Other: Usual standard care; Participants in this group will receive the usual care currently implemented mainly pharmacological treatment (pain medication), and back pain advice. The usual care in rare occasions may also include physical therapy such as exercise and massage.; Other Names: Routine care

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient recruitment rate	The recruitment rate is described as the number of eligible patients with CLBP recruited and randomized within two to three months at the University of Gondar specialized hospital. Hence, the recruitment rate will be calculated by dividing the total number of patients with CLBP recruited at the University of Gondar specialized hospital by the total recruitment period (number of months).	The data will be collected at the baseline before the start of the intervention.
Patient retention rate	The number of patients recruited, randomized, and considered for the analysis will be used to calculate the retention rate. The retention rate will be calculated as the percentage of participants that complete all secondary outcome measures.	The data will be collected through intervention completion, up to five weeks.
Intervention adherence rate	The intervention adherence rate will be determined by calculating the proportion of group and individual intervention sessions completed by the study participants as per the stated intervention protocol.	The data will be collected through intervention completion, up to five weeks.
Acceptability of intervention and trial procedures	A qualitative description approach will be employed to explore the acceptability of the intervention and trial procedures from both treating health professionals and study participants' perspectives through an in-depth interview using a semi-structured interview guide. intervention from the patients' and care providers perspectives.	The data will be collected through intervention completion, up to five weeks.
Treatment fidelity	The investigators will evaluate whether the intervention is delivered with fidelity according to the developed protocol. The care providers will assess and rate using a treatment fidelity checklist at each visit to evaluate treatment fidelity. Fidelity will be judged acceptable if the score is > 80% compatible with the intervention protocol.	The data will be collected through intervention completion, up to five weeks.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Physical functioning	The cross-culturally adapted and validated Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ-24) will be used to measure the physical functioning of patients with CLBP. The RMQ is a 24-item patient-reported outcome measure that inquires about pain-related disability resulting from LBP. Each item is given a 1 (Yes) or 0 (No) score ranging from 0 to 24; higher scores represent higher levels of pain-related disability.	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).
Pain intensity	Pain intensity will be measured using a brief pain inventory - short form (BPI-sf) standard questionnaire. The Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form (BPI-sf) is a nine-item self-administered questionnaire that is used to assess the degree of a patient's pain and its influence on daily functioning. On a 10-point scale, the patient is asked to rate their worst, least, average, and current pain intensity. A score of 1 - 4 = Mild Pain, 5 - 6 = Moderate Pain and a score of 7 - 10 = Severe Pain.	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).
Health-related quality of life	Will be measured using the 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Possible scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores representing better health status.	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).
Self-efficacy	To measure self-efficacy of patients with CLBP, the investigators will utilize the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ). The PSEQ is a ten-item questionnaire in which patients assess their level of confidence on a scale of 0 (not at all confident) to 6 (very confident) (completely confident). Total scores are derived by adding the individual items' values, which range from 0 (low self-efficacy) to 60 (high self-efficacy) (more self-efficacy).	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).
Global rating of change	The Global Rating of Change (GRC) scales are used to assess self-perceived improvement/changes in health. To measure the global rating of change, the investigators will use an 11-point global rating of change scale (GROC) (-5 to +5), ranging from -5 (very much worse), through 0 (unchanged) to +5 (completely recovered).	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).
Psychological functioning	The investigators will use the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to measure psychological functioning. Scoring for each item ranges from zero to three, with three denoting the highest anxiety or depression level. A total subscale score of >8 points out of a possible 21 denotes considerable symptoms of anxiety or depression.	At baseline before the start of the intervention, the 5th week , and the 16th week (after 12 weeks of intervention completion).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Queen's University
• Collaborators: MasterCard Foundation Scholarship Program
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sintayehu Da Wami, Queen's University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Anticipated): May 20, 2023
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): July 15, 2023
• Study Completion (Anticipated): October 31, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 18, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 18, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): May 19, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 19, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 18, 2023
• Last Verified: May 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Low back pain; Biopsychosocial; Multidisciplinary rehabilitation; Interprofessional rehabilitation; Low back pain management
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Back Pain; Low Back Pain
• Other Study ID Numbers: ETH-IRP-CLBP-001; MCF (Other Grant/Funding Number: MasterCard Foundation Scholarship program)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Efforts will be made to present the results at scientific conferences and publish them in a peer-reviewed journal.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No