The Effect of Postnatal Lying Position on Cerebral Oxygenation in Newborns

In the international delivery room guidelines, it is not specified which position is optimal for the baby stabilization. Here, the investigators want to evaluate the effects of the positions on postnatal adaptation and cerebral oxygenation in the delivery room of infants who did not require resuscitation.

Infants will be randomly stabilized in the supine, right-side, left-side and prone positions (60 babies in all, 15/position). The investigators will record the 1st and 5th min Apgar scores and the heart rate, pulse oximetry and perfusion index at 2nd,5th and 10thmin. Near-infrared spectroscopy will be used to assess cerebral regional oxygen saturation.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Vital Signs
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: vital signs by postpartum position

Detailed Description

This was a prospective, randomized, observational study performed in 2 months by the Newborn Department in the Delivery Room of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology where approximately 3,500 infants are delivered annually. Stabilization followed the NRP guideline and is implemented by a neonatology fellow and three pediatric assistants with NRP certificates. Single, term, appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies who did not need resuscitation and babies in whom skin-to-skin contact cannot be applied were included in the study. Vaginal births were not included, only babies born with cesarean sectio (CS) and could not not exposed to early skin-to-skin contact were included.

Spinal anesthesia was used for the mothers for CS, mother was not given oxygen therapy until the baby came out. Parents were informed of the study prior to birth and written consent was obtained from those who were willing to participate. The babies were randomized by opening of envelopes containing positional codes and were placed supine, on the right or left side, or prone (15/group).

1. Infant positioning:

   Infants were placed under radiant heat for 10 min in the various positions; first-step resuscitation was performed in a routine manner. Infants with a need for positive pressure ventilation were excluded; all were placed supine.

2. Medical records and vital parameters:

   All evaluations commenced 30 s after delivery and terminated at 10 min. For each infant, the 1st and 5th min Apgar scores were calculated by the same person, and the heart rate (HR), pulse oximetry, and perfusion index (PI) were recorded at 2nd, 5th, and 10th min using a Masimo Radical-7 pulse co-oximetry with an adhesive sensor. The probe was placed preductally (on the right wrist) and then connected to the oximetry. The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was only 0.21 ("room-air") during all the stabilization period. In line with the NRP 2015 guideline, aspiration was not routinely performed in the delivery room; the number of times that touch stimulation was required and the tactile stimulus time were recorded. Although electrocardiography (ECG) recommended in the latest guidelines and reads heart rate much faster, pulse oximetry had to be used in our study because the relationship between position and saturation and cerebral oximetry was evaluated.

3. Cerebral oxygenation:

   Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which measures tissue oxygenation noninvasively, was used to evaluate cerebral oxygenation; the mean values at 5th and 10th min were recorded using a Covidien INVOS 5100C instrument. The cerebral regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) is the ratio of cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (CHbO2) to the total oxygen bound to cerebral hemoglobin (CHb) and CHbO2 (rScO2 = CHbO2/CHb + CHbO2) (1). The rScO2 is the mean oxygen saturation of cerebral arterial, venule, and capillary blood; the venule data is predominate (2). Infrared light reveals the extent of saturation of the so-called watershed zone (a mixture of 33% arterial and 67% venous blood at a depth of 1-1,5 cm) (3). The NIRS probe was placed on both sides of the frontal lobe; the probe was cleaned before placement. The first measured value served as the basal value; rScO2 changes were then recorded at 2-s intervals to 60 s and the mean calculated. The cerebral rScO2 is normally 50-80, but may vary by 10-20% at any time (4). A decrease >20% for patients with a basal cerebral rScO2 value >50 and a decrease >15% for those with a basal cerebral rScO2 <50 indicate cerebral ischemia (5). Data were captured at 0.1 Hz and collected for 10 min, after application in each position consequently. Cerebral fractional oxygen extraction (cFOE) was calculated for 5th and 10th min average as ( (SpO2-rScO2)/SpO2 ) (SpO2: pulse oximetry oxygen saturation) for each position, which reflects the balance between oxygen delivery and consumption in the tissue (6).

   An infant/pediatric sensor (Covidien INVOS 5100C) costs between $110 and $140 each. No outside funding was used for the budget in this study. Within the budget and time period, the maximum number of patients enrolled in the study.

4. Sample Size:

   In the investigators' center, monthly birth rate is 300 and since our hospital is the largest perinatology center in our region; the number of births with maternal and neonatal problems is high. When the investigators evaluated our records for the number of infants who were born > 37 GA with CS under spinal anesthesia and did not require any resuscitation efforts; the number was approximately 15 per month. (P=0.05) with a 2-sided a error of 5% and power of 80%, a total sample size of 37 total was required.

5. Statistical Analyses:

SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, United States) and PAST 3 (Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., Ryan, P.D. 2001. Paleontological statistics) programs were used in the analysis of the variables. The conformity of univariate data to normal distribution was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk francia test, while homogeneity of variance was evaluated with the Levene test. Mardia for the conformity of multivariate data to normal distribution; while the (Dornik and Hansen omnibus) test was used, the Box-M test was used for variance homogeneity. In the comparison of more than two groups according to quantitative data, Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests were used for One-Way Anova post hoc analysis, one of the parametric methods, Kruskal-Wallis H Test, which is one of the nonparametric tests, was used with the results of Monte Carlo simulation technique, and Dunn's Test was used for Post Hoc analyses. The Paired-Samples T test was tested using Bootstrap results, while the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was tested using the monte carlo simulation method to compare two replicate measurements of dependent quantitative variables with each other. While Friedman's Two-Way test was tested using the monte carlo simulation method to test the variables with more than two repeated measurements and to examine the interaction according to the groups, the General Linear Model-Repeated Anova test from parametric methods was used, and the LSD test was used for Post Hoc analyses. In the comparison of categorical variables with each other, Fisher-Freeman-Holton test was tested with Monte Carlo Simulation technique. While quantitative variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation) and Median (Percentile 25 / Percentile 75) in the tables, categorical variables were shown as n (%). The variables were analyzed at 95% confidence level, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 60

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Izmır, Turkey
    • Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Disease, Neonatal Department

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

newborn

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

born with cesarean sectio (CS) could not exposed to early skin-to-skin contact

Exclusion Criteria:

Vaginal birth

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

4

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
supine; supine position: Evaluation position for the first 10 minutes after birth	Other: vital signs by postpartum position; Evaluation of vital signs and NIRS values in 4 different positions after birth
right-side; right-side position: Evaluation position for the first 10 minutes after birth	Other: vital signs by postpartum position; Evaluation of vital signs and NIRS values in 4 different positions after birth
left-side; left-side position: Evaluation position for the first 10 minutes after birth	Other: vital signs by postpartum position; Evaluation of vital signs and NIRS values in 4 different positions after birth
prone; prone position: Evaluation position for the first 10 minutes after birth	Other: vital signs by postpartum position; Evaluation of vital signs and NIRS values in 4 different positions after birth

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for each position at delivery room	near infrared spectroscopy	10 minutes
fractional oxygean extraction (FOE) for each position at delivery room	fractional oxygean extraction	10 minutes
postnatal adaptation on vital parameters as heart rate for each position at delivery room	heart rate	10 minutes
postnatal adaptation on vital parameters as pulseoximeter for each position at delivery room	pulseoximeter	10 minutes
postnatal adaptation on vital parameters as perfusion index for each position at delivery room	perfusion index	10 minutes
Apgar scores for each position at delivery roomat delivery room	apgar scores	5 minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital
• Investigators: Study Chair: ruya colak, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Neonatal Department; Study Chair: demet terek, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Disease, Neonatal Department; Study Chair: ozge altun koroglu, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Disease, Neonatal Department; Study Chair: sebnem calkavur, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Neonatal Department; Study Chair: mehmet yalaz, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Disease, Neonatal Department; Study Chair: nilgun kultursay, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Disease, Neonatal Department

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mutoh T, Guest RJ, Lamm WJ, Albert RK. Prone position alters the effect of volume overload on regional pleural pressures and improves hypoxemia in pigs in vivo. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Aug;146(2):300-6. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.2.300.
• Hou X, Ding H, Teng Y, Zhou C, Tang X, Li S, Ding H. Research on the relationship between brain anoxia at different regional oxygen saturations and brain damage using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Meas. 2007 Oct;28(10):1251-65. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/28/10/010. Epub 2007 Sep 28.
• Brodsky JB. What intraoperative monitoring makes sense? Chest. 1999 May;115(5 Suppl):101S-105S. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.suppl_2.101s.
• Baikoussis NG, Karanikolas M, Siminelakis S, Matsagas M, Papadopoulos G. Baseline cerebral oximetry values in cardiac and vascular surgery patients: a prospective observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 May 24;5:41. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-5-41.
• Samra SK, Dy EA, Welch K, Dorje P, Zelenock GB, Stanley JC. Evaluation of a cerebral oximeter as a monitor of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology. 2000 Oct;93(4):964-70. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200010000-00015.
• Naulaers G, Meyns B, Miserez M, Leunens V, Van Huffel S, Casaer P, Weindling M, Devlieger H. Use of tissue oxygenation index and fractional tissue oxygen extraction as non-invasive parameters for cerebral oxygenation. A validation study in piglets. Neonatology. 2007;92(2):120-6. doi: 10.1159/000101063. Epub 2007 Mar 23.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 31, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 11, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): May 22, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 22, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 11, 2023
• Last Verified: May 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: cerebral oxygenation; neonatal resuscitation; delivery room; postnatal adaptation
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2018/193

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No