Effects of Gum Chewing on Appetite and Digestion

One obvious property difference between energy-yielding beverages and solid foods is the oral mechanical processing required to prepare the two food forms for swallowing. Considerable human data are consistent with a contribution of mechanical stimulation to appetite suppression. However, no study has isolated this property and assessed its influence on ingestive behavior in humans. This is the aim of the present study. The null hypothesis is that food rheology will have no effect on these indices. The alternate hypothesis is that increased mechanical stimulation will result in stronger satiation/satiety and reduced energy intake. Further, it is hypothesized that the effects of mastication will be less evident in obese compared to lean individuals.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: The Null Hypothesis is That Food Rheology Will Have no Effect on These Indices; The Alternate Hypothesis is That Increased Mechanical Stimulation Will Result in Stronger Satiation/Satiety and Reduced Energy Intake; It is Hypothesized That the Effects of Mastication Will be Less Evident in Obese Compared to Lean Individuals
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: soft gum; Other: firm gum; Other: no gum

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Indiana
    • West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907
      • Purdue University
    • West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 17907
      • Purdue University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 50 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• body mass index 18 -25 or 30-35 kg/ m2 good health not initiating or terminating the use of medications reported to affect appetite or body weight during the proposed study period stable activity level (no deviation > 1X/wk @ 30 min/session) no eating disorder (score <20 of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) no allergies to test foods. not glucose intolerant or diabetic (based on fasting blood glucose between 70-99mg/dl (3.9-5.5mmol/l as recommended by the American Diabetes Association.) no history of GI pathology and self-reported consumer of breakfast and lunch.

Exclusion Criteria:

-

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: soft gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).	Other: soft gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).
Experimental: firm gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).	Other: firm gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).
Experimental: no gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).	Other: no gum; . Participants will either chew nothing or chew one of the two gum varieties (flavorless soft or hard) at a constant rate (determined by a metronome) for 15 minutes while sipping apple juice through a straw. Appetite will be measured continuously via a slide potentiometer attached to a 100mm gLMS scale. The juice will provide 10% of the participants estimated daily energy requirement (i.e., equal to 1-2 servings of most commercial snacks). It will also contain 10g of lactulose (a soluble, non-absorbable carbohydrate used to assess gastric transit time via analyses of breath hydrogen) and acetaminophen (a marker for gastric emptying).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Effects of mastication on appetite.	Effects of varying chewing intensity on self-rated hunger, fullness, desire to eat and thirst.	12 hours

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Endocrine response	Effects of varying chewing intensity on serum/plasma GLP-1, Ghrelin, CCK, Insulin.	4 hours
Blood chemistries	Effects of varying chewing intensity on lipid profiles and glucose.	4 Hours

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Purdue University
• Collaborators: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: February 1, 2010
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2012
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 16, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 16, 2010
• First Posted (Estimated): February 17, 2010

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): December 15, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 11, 2023
• Last Verified: December 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: human, chewing, appetite,
• Other Study ID Numbers: R01DK079913-2; R01DK079913 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); 0911008653 (Registry Identifier: Purdue University)