Sleep Deprivation and Energy Balance

Chronic sleep deprivation may constitute an important and potentially correctable behavioral factor in the alarming increase in obesity. There are no definitive experimental studies in humans showing whether sleep deprivation indeed contributes to increased energy intake and/or reduced energy expenditure. The investigators propose a series of novel studies to investigate abnormalities in energy homeostasis imparted by sleep deprivation. The investigators will measure food intake, energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis), and neurohormone levels in 24 healthy subjects with normal BMI (20-25 kg/m2). Twelve subjects (6 men and 6 women) will be randomized to sleep deprivation. Measurements will be compared to those obtained in 12 subjects who are randomized to a control group, and are not sleep deprived. The investigators will test the following hypotheses: 1. That sleep deprivation results in positive energy balance (increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure, as reflected by decreased non-exercise activity thermogenesis). 2. That dysregulation of appetite and energy expenditure is associated with changes in molecules controlling appetite and metabolism. 3. That changes associated with 8 days of modest sleep deprivation resolve, at least in part, over a 4 day recovery period.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Sleep Deprivation
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: sleep deprivation; Other: Normal sleep

Detailed Description

The demands of present day living have placed a high premium on time. Voluntary sleep curtailment is endemic and many adults typically sleep an average of six hours per night. Observational data suggest that short sleep duration is associated with a greater likelihood of being obese. Low grade chronic sleep deprivation may constitute an important and potentially correctable behavioral factor in the alarming increase in obesity. There are no definitive experimental studies in humans showing whether sleep deprivation indeed contributes to increased energy intake and/or reduced energy expenditure. The investigators propose a series of novel studies to investigate abnormalities in energy homeostasis imparted by sleep deprivation. These studies combine state-of-the-art techniques for monitoring sleep, food intake, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine energy regulation. The investigators will measure food intake, energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis), and neurohormone levels in 24 healthy subjects with normal BMI (20-25 kg/m2). Twelve subjects (6 men and 6 women) will be randomized to sleep deprivation. After a 3 day baseline evaluation, these subjects will undergo 8 days of modest sleep deprivation followed by a 4 day recovery period. Measurements will be compared to those obtained in 12 subjects who are randomized to a control group, and are not sleep deprived. Sleep deprived and control subjects will be comparable for age and gender and will undergo similar monitoring and measurements in the Clinical Research Unit over the same duration. The investigators will test the following hypotheses: 1. That sleep deprivation results in positive energy balance (increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure, as reflected by decreased non-exercise activity thermogenesis). 2. That dysregulation of appetite and energy expenditure is associated with changes in molecules controlling appetite and metabolism. 3. That changes associated with 8 days of modest sleep deprivation resolve, at least in part, over a 4 day recovery period. This exploratory application builds on established research programs addressing first, neuroendocrine mechanisms in sleep and obesity, and second, the regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure in humans. These studies will provide novel and important insights into whether sleep deprivation promotes increased food intake and/or reduced activity levels, and into the potential role of molecules that regulate appetite and metabolism. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The investigators propose to examine whether two weeks of modest sleep restriction results in increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure, thus potentially predisposing to obesity. These findings will help explain whether the reduced sleep duration in the general population may be contributing to the current epidemic of obesity, and suggest novel strategies for weight control.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 17
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Minnesota
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Mayo Clinic

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• All subjects will be sedentary. Sedentary will be defined as those with an occupational calorie expenditure that is not estimated at greater than 50% above basal (desk job or light activity at work: on feet 30-50% of the work day) and whose exercise activity is defined as sedentary according to a self-reported activity questionnaire, and confirmed by actigraphy measurements. Sedentary lifestyle will be defined as fewer than four 20 min episodes of moderate or vigorous intensity activity in the previous four weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

• We will exclude subjects who have any medical or psychiatric disorders, including history of anxiety or depression, and those taking any medications.
• Those found to have depression on a depression screening tool (BDI-II) will be excluded.
• Current smokers will be excluded.
• All female subjects will undergoing a screening pregnancy test and excluded if positive.
• Subjects found to have significant sleep disorders will be excluded. -
• Subjects found to have occult coronary artery disease by exercise treadmill testing will be excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: sleep deprivation; These are subjects who are randomized to undergo sleep deprivation.	Other: sleep deprivation; Sleep restriction; Other Names: sleep restriction
Other: Normal sleep; These are subjects who are randomized to sleep normally.	Other: Normal sleep; These are subjects who are randomized to sleep normally.; Other Names: control

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Sleep Deprivation results in positive energy balance	The investigators are testing the hypothesis that sleep deprivation results in increased caloric intake (calories from food consumed) and reduced energy expenditure (calories burned), resulting in a net positive energy balance.	15 days

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Mayo Clinic
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Erik K St Louis, MD, Mayo Clinic

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Calvin AD, Covassin N, Kremers WK, Adachi T, Macedo P, Albuquerque FN, Bukartyk J, Davison DE, Levine JA, Singh P, Wang S, Somers VK. Experimental sleep restriction causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy humans. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Nov 25;3(6):e001143. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001143.
• Calvin AD, Carter RE, Adachi T, Macedo PG, Albuquerque FN, van der Walt C, Bukartyk J, Davison DE, Levine JA, Somers VK. Effects of experimental sleep restriction on caloric intake and activity energy expenditure. Chest. 2013 Jul;144(1):79-86. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-2829.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: December 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2010
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2010

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 26, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 12, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): April 13, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 12, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 11, 2023
• Last Verified: May 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: sleep deprivation; sleep restriction
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Nervous System Diseases; Dyssomnias; Sleep Wake Disorders; Neurologic Manifestations; Sleep Deprivation
• Other Study ID Numbers: 08-006780; R21HL096071-02 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)