Implant Surface Decontamination in Peri-implantitis Treatment

Microbiological and Clinical Evaluation of Different Implant Surface Decontaminating Procedures in the Surgical Treatment of Peri-implantitis; a Double Blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Clinical Study

Peri-implantitis is an infectious disease that resides in the mucosa surrounding dental implants and also affects the supporting bone. Because the number of implants placed in everyday clinical practice is continuously increasing, it is reasonable to anticipate an increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis. However, from the literature there is very little reliable evidence suggesting which could be the most effective interventions for treating peri-implantitis.

The primary objective of this controlled clinical study is to evaluate the microbiological effect of decontamination of the implant surface during the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis using a chlorhexidine or placebo solution. The secondary objectives are to assess both the clinical and the microbiological effectiveness of treatment of peri-implantitis.

It is hypothesized that rinsing of the implant surface using a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution does not lead to better microbiological and clinical results compared to rinsing with a placebo solution.

The present study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

Adult patients with at least one endosseous implant in the oral cavity with clinical and radiographical signs of peri-implantitis will be included in this study.

Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline followed by either 1 minute of rinsing with a placebo solution (saline with appearance of chlorhexidine) (control group) or 1 minute of chemical cleansing using 0,12% chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) (test group). After 1 minute of saline rinsing the gingival flap will be returned slightly apical (in order to reduce pockets) and will be firmly sutured. For both groups the surgery is followed by 2 weeks of mouthrinses with 0,12% chlorhexidine + Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) two times daily during 30 seconds.

The main study parameter is the microbial composition of the biofilm on the dental implant surface. Secondary study parameters are bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, suppuration on probing, microbiological composition of the peri-implant sulcus, radiographic marginal bone level on standardized intraoral radiographs, presence of plaque, presence of calculus, marginal soft tissue recession implant failure, complications and adverse events.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Peri-implantitis; Periodontal Disease
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: placebo; Procedure: Chlorhexidine

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 30
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Netherlands
  • Groningen, Netherlands, 9700RB
    • University Medical Center Groningen

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The patient is ≥ 18 years of age
• The patient has at least one endosseous implant in the oral cavity with clinical and radiographical signs of peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis is defined as a loss of marginal bone ≥ 2 mm as compared to a fixed reference point on the dental implant, in combination with bleeding and/or suppuration on probing and a peri-implant probing depth ≥ 5 mm;
• The implants have been exposed to the oral environment for at least two years;
• The patient is capable of understanding and giving informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Medical and general contraindications for the surgical procedures;
• A history of local radiotherapy to the head and neck region;
• Pregnancy and lactation;
• Diabetes;
• Systemic use of antibiotics during the last 3 months;
• Long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs;
• Incapability of performing basal oral hygiene measures as a result of physical or mental disorders;
• Active, uncontrolled periodontal pathology of the remaining dentition;
• Local use of antibiotics or use of other anti-septic / antimicrobial therapies in the oral cavity during the last 3 months;
• Use of mouthrinses;
• Bruxism;
• Implants placed in skin grafted areas;
• Implants with bone loss due to other reasons than bacterial infection (e.g. loose screw, inadequate positioning of the implant);
• Implants with bone loss exceeding 2/3 of the length of the implant or implants with bone loss beyond the transverse openings in hollow implants;
• Implant mobility;
• Implants at which no position can be identified where proper probing measurements can be performed;
• Previous surgical treatment of the peri-implantitis lesions;
• Previous non-surgical treatment of the peri-implantitis lesions during the last 6 months (scaling or curretage).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Placebo group; Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of rinsing with a placebo solution (saline with appearance of chlorhexidine + CPC) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.	Procedure: placebo; Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of rinsing with a placebo solution (saline with appearance of chlorhexidine + CPC) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.
Active Comparator: Chlorhexidine group; Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of chemical cleansing using 0,12% chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.	Procedure: Chlorhexidine; Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of chemical cleansing using 0,12% chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.; Other Names: Perio-aid

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Total Bacterial Load on the Exposed Implant Surface	Total bacterial load as obtained by sweeping a microbrush across the implant surface after flap deflection. Samples are obtained immediately after flap deflection and granulation tissue removal AND after the decontamination procedure (mechanical debridement, rinsing of the implant surface using the placebo or chlorhexidine solution, saline rinsing) but before flap closure. The log-transformed mean change in bacterial load is calculated (difference between the two time points --> difference in sample BEFORE decontamination and AFTER decontamination procedure).	During the surgical procedure: 1. immediately after flap deflection and granulation tissue removal AND 2. after the decontamination procedure but before flap closure.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Bleeding on Probing		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Probing Pocket Depth		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Suppuration on Probing		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Microbiological Composition of the Peri-implant Sulcus		baseline (T0), 3 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T12)
Radiographic Marginal Bone Level on Standardized Intraoral Radiographs		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Presence of Plaque		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Presence of Calculus		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Marginal Soft Tissue Recession		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Implant Failure	defined as implant mobility of previously clinically osseointegrated implants and removal of non-mobile implants because of progressive marginal bone loss or infection	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Complications and Adverse Events		baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University Medical Center Groningen
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Yvonne CM de Waal, dds, University Medical Center Groningen; Study Chair: Arie Jan van Winkelhoff, prof. dr., University Medical Center Groningen

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2011
• Study Completion (Actual): September 1, 2011

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 18, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 25, 2012
• First Posted (Estimated): January 30, 2012

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 18, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 17, 2024
• Last Verified: April 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: microbiology; chlorhexidine; dental implants
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Stomatognathic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Periodontal Diseases; Peri-Implantitis; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Infective Agents; Disinfectants; Chlorhexidine
• Other Study ID Numbers: 27147.042.09