- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT01830244
IST Neoadjuvant Abraxane in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer (Neonab)
Tailored Neoadjuvant Epirubicin and Cyclophosphamide (EC) and Nanoparticle Albumin Bound (Nab) Paclitaxel for Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer
Study Overview
Detailed Description
The prognosis and survival rate of breast cancer varies depending on the extent of the disease, performance status of patients and the type of tumour including the status of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Expression of ER and PR generally indicates better prognosis than the overexpression of HER2 and triple negative breast cancer generally indicates more aggressive cancers with a high growth rate [1].
Preoperative or neoadjuvant therapy which is also known as primary systemic therapy followed by surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy is recommended for patients with locally advanced breast cancer [2]. Studies using primary systemic therapy have demonstrated useful rates of clinical response and pathological complete response(pCR) rates in the breast alone and pathological complete response rates in the axillary notes. The response rates vary considerably, however response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy have been uniformally higher in ER negative tumors. There is additional improvement in the pathological complete response rates of about 10 % with the addition of a taxane [4]. For operable breast cancer, primary systemic therapy can be considered as an alternative to adjuvant systemic therapy for patients who require a mastectomy but who desire breast conservation surgery. In patients with large tumours who can technically have a lumpectomy, primary systemic therapy may permit less extensive surgery and may result in a better cosmetic result. Primary systemic therapy may also be advisable in patients who have medical contraindications to surgery or where delayed surgery is required.
Nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel is reported to achieve a higher intracellular tumour paclitaxel concentration via the albumin mediated transendothelial transport system [5]. Better tolerability and efficacy has been demonstrated when compared to paclitaxel or docetaxel in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer [6, 7]. Nab paclitaxel is being evaluated in the adjuvant treatment of patients with breast cancer [8, 9] and in the neoadjuvant setting [10.] The preoperative setting provides an opportunity to study the early molecular changes that may occur in response to treatment. Alteration of biomarkers between pre and post chemotherapy including hormone receptors, the Human Epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)and Ki67 [11, 12] as well as gene pathways [13] are areas of possible exploration in neoadjuvant studies whereby tissue is available for analysis before and after the chemotherapy treatment. Particular patterns of reduction in tumour size on MRI can be predictive of successful response, detecting residual tumour not apparent on mammogram or U/S and in accurate evaluation of tumour volume [14.] Functional imaging biomarkers of response also have potential utility in assessing treatment response [15.] A recent study reported that 4 cycles of adjuvant therapy with the combination of nab Paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide, with or without trastuzumab, is feasible and well tolerated in patients with early stage breast cancer. Another small study demonstrated feasibility of nab Paclitaxel followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) [16.] An anthracycline containing regimen followed by conventional paclitaxel is amongst the most commonly prescribed adjuvant chemotherapy regime for early breast cancer. Cyclophosphamide is given in combination with doxorubicin or its epimer epirubicin. Epirubicin achieves similar efficacy results to doxorubicin but causes less cardiotoxicity [17 19].
Although standards of care are varied, adjuvant chemotherapy in 2011 is generally recommended in women with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER amplified tumors. In women with hormone receptor positive tumors without HER2 amplification, chemotherapy is reserved for tumors that are large or with extensive nodal involvement and/ or high risk biology. The latter includes young age, presence of lymphovascular space invasion, a high proliferative index (Ki67 expression), lower ER/PR expression, higher Oncotype Dx score and luminal B tumors[20]. Thus there are evolving trends to tailor therapy based on the tumor characteristics indicating perceived risk, patient factors, particularly comorbid illness and patient preferences as well as prediction of response.
In breast cancer, immunohistochemical assessment of the proportion of cells staining for the nuclear antigen Ki67 has become a widely used method for comparing proliferation between tumour samples[21]. Potential uses include prognosis, prediction of relative responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy or endocrine therapy, estimation of residual risk in patients on standard therapy and as a dynamic biomarker of treatment efficacy in samples taken before, during, and after neoadjuvant therapy[21, 22]. Ki67 labeling Index has been incorporated as one of the means of identifying tumor subtypes by the 2011 St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer[20]. Analysis of gene expression arrays has resulted in the recognition of several fundamentally different subtypes of breast cancer[23]. Using gene expression profile distinction can be made between luminal A and luminal B tumors. While both subtypes could be ER positive but luminal A tumours are unlikely to benefit from cytotoxic chemotherapy. Because it is not always feasible to obtain gene expression array information, a simplified classification, closely following that proposed by Cheang et al whereby a cutpoint for Ki67 labeling index of <15% was established by comparison with PAM50 intrinsic subtyping to differentiate between luminal A and luminal B tumours[24]. Local quality control of Ki67 staining is important[20].
The Oncotype Recurrence Score is a validated a 21-gene assay that is now offered as a commercial reference laboratory test (Oncotype DX, Genomic Health Inc. Redwood City, CA). The 21-gene panel includes genes involved in tumour cell proliferation and hormonal response, characteristics that have been reported to be associated with chemotherapy response in general. Oncotype DX not only quantifies the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence in women with node-negative, oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, but also predicts the magnitude of chemotherapy benefit [21, 26]. Likelihood of chemotherapy benefit is reported as low (Recurrence Score <18, intermediate RS 18-30 and high >30).[26] The main utility of Oncotype DX is in the adjuvant setting where it could be a powerful tool to guide decision regarding the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in hormone positive tumours. In this neoadjuvant study we will employ Oncotype DX to guide decision about use of chemotherapy in patients with tumours that have high Ki67 (>15) but low ER expression and also in the other groups that may have low Ki67 (<15) but high ER expression by IHC.
The goal is to use the best combination, sequence and duration of therapy together with predicting and monitoring response with high fidelity in the individual patient. Further studies are needed to optimize treatment regimens so as to increase pathologic response rates and ultimately survival, with a further goal of reducing risk and adverse events.
This study uses a tailored approach to select treatment involving the choice of NAB Paclitaxel and EC based on the individual patient and tumour characteristics.
Breast Cancer Stem Cells
It is now widely accepted that our inability to cure cancer is largely due to the presence of a subset of cells within a cancer that constitutes a reservoir of self sustaining [25]. Current radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapies more effectively destroy the proliferating cells that form the bulk of the tumour, but are largely ineffective against the cancer stem cells (CSC)[26, 27]. Breast cancer was the first solid malignancy from which CSCs were identified[28], via specific cell surface marker proteins CD44 and epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM)[29, 30]. EpCAM and CD44v6 are among best available, clinically relevant breast cancer stem cell markers for the proof of principle work in this project [30] .
Aptamers
Aptamers are short, singlestranded RNA or DNA that fold into specific 3D structures and bind to their target molecules with high affinity and specificity[31]. Unlike antibodies, aptamers remain structurally stable across a wide range of temperature and storage conditions. They are generally nonimmunogenic, nontoxic and are 20 to 25 times smaller than monoclonal antibodies. Thus aptamers offer several advantages for tissue penetration and have shorter circulation time and faster body clearance resulting in a low background noise during imaging and lower radiation dose. In addition, aptamers can be produced rapidly, relatively inexpensively, and with high homogeneity [32, 33].
HDACi
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in gene regulation. Inhibitors of HDACs (HDACi) are novel anticancer drugs, which induce histone (hyper) acetylation and counteract aberrant gene repression[34]. HDACi also evoke nonhistone protein acetylation, which can alter signalling networks relevant for tumorigenesis and these agents can also promote the degradation of (proto) oncoproteins. Adult stem cells are maintained in a quiescent state but are able to exit quiescence and rapidly expand and differentiate in response to stress. The quiescence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is highly relevant to cancer therapy since the quiescent CSC is often resistant to both conventional therapy and targeted therapies. The p53 gene plays a critical role in regulating stem cell quiescence [35]. CSCs promote chemotherapy and radiation resistance through an increase in DNA repair capacity and in histone H3 deacetylation[35]. Recently the role of HDACi in moving latent or quiescent cells to an activated state and sensitizing them to other treatments has become a focus of investigation in both HIV and cancer. The HDAC inhibitors have been studied in many hematologic and solid malignancies but little work has focused on breast cancer and particularly CSC[36, 37]. A study of HDACi on quiescent CSCs in breast tumours and their radiation and chemotherapy responses would be of great interest in developing new therapeutic paradigms using this class of agents.
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and NQO1*2 genotype (P187S)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, (NAD+), is a coenzyme found in all cells. In metabolism, NAD+ is involved in reduction oxidation (redox) reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is found as NAD+, which is an oxidizing agent and forms NADH. This can then be used as a reducing agent. Electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. There is evidence that genetic variants in oxidative stress related genes predict resistance to chemotherapy in primary breast cancer and that germline polymorphisms can affect chemotherapy sensitivity in patients with breastcancer[38].
The status of superoxide dismutases and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductases have prognostic significance in breast carcinomas[39]. The NQO1 enzyme guards against oxidative stress and carcinogenesis and stabilizes p53 tumor suppressor[40, 41]. NQO1 deficient mice show reduced p53 induction and apoptosis. NQO1*2 is a missense variant (NP_000894:p.187P4S) that is homozygous in 4-20% of human population[42]. Cells with the homozygous NQO1*2 genotype have no measurable NQO1 activity, reflecting the very low levels of the NQO1 P187S protein, which undergoes rapid turnover via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway[43]. Response to epirubicin is impaired in NQO1*2homozygous breast carcinoma cells in vitro, reflecting both p53linked and p53independentroles of NQO1. A potential defective anthracycline response in NQO1deficient breast tumors may confer increased genomic instability promoted by elevated reactive oxygen species, and suggest that the NQO1 genotype is a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer. A homozygous common missense variant (NQO1*2, rs1800566(T), NM_000903.2:c.558C4T) that disables NQO1 strongly has been shown to predicts poor survival among two independent series of women with breast cancer, an effect particularly evident after anthracycline based adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin[44]. As part of this study the NQO1*2 genotype status of all patients will be assessed. A correlation can be explored between NQO1*2 genotype status and response rate in this setting. The study will evaluate the feasibility and safety of tailored primary systemic therapy in the study population.
Study Type
Enrollment (Anticipated)
Phase
- Phase 2
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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New South Wales
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Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia, 2200
- Bankstown Lidcome Hospital
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Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2065
- Royal North Shore Hospital
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Victoria
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Geelong, Victoria, Australia, 3220
- Barwon Health
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Geelong, Victoria, Australia, 3220
- St John of God Healthcare, Geelong
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Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia, 3280
- South West Healthcare
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- The patient must have consented to participate and must have signed and dated an appropriate approved consent form.
- Female 18 Years and older
- The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status must be 0 or 1
- The diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast must have been made by core needle biopsy or limited incisional biopsy.
- Patients must have tumor diameter >2 cm measurable at least clinically; by physical exam, unless the patient has inflammatory breast cancer, in which case measurable disease by physical exam is not required or ultrasonographic staging (T2, T3 or T4 a, b, c tumours with any clinical node status N0-N2).
- Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessment by 2-D echocardiogram or Multi Gated Acquisition Scan (MUGA scan) performed within 3 months prior to study entry must be greater or equal to 50%.
- Adequate haematological, renal and hepatic function (neutrophils >=2 × 109/L, platelets ≥100 × 109/L, hemoglobin >=100g/L, total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 upper limit of normal (ULN), aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ≤1.5 × ULN, alkaline phosphatases ≤2.5 ULN, creatinine ≤ 1.5 ULN).
- Negative pregnancy test
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe cardiovascular, hepatic, neurologic or renal comorbid conditions
- Primary surgical treatment of the tumor or excisional biopsy or lumpectomy performed prior to study entry.
- Surgical axillary staging procedure prior to study entry.
- Definitive clinical or radiologic evidence of metastatic disease.
- History of ipsilateral invasive breast cancer regardless of treatment or ipsilateral ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with radiotherapy (RT).
- Non-breast malignancies unless the patient is considered to be disease-free for 5 or more years prior to study entry and is deemed by her physician to be at low risk for recurrence. Patients with the following cancers are eligible if diagnosed and treated within the past 5 years: carcinoma in situ of the cervix, melanoma in situ, and basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
- Previous therapy with anthracyclines or taxanes for any malignancy.
- Treatment including RT, chemotherapy, and/or targeted therapy, administered for the currently diagnosed breast cancer prior to study entry.
- Continued therapy with any hormonal agent such as raloxifene, tamoxifen, or other Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
- Any sex hormonal therapy, e.g., birth control pills and ovarian hormone replacement therapy
- History of hepatitis B or C.
- Sensory/motor neuropathy greater or equal to grade 2, as defined by the current version of the NCI's CTCAE.
- Pregnancy or continuing lactation at the time of study entry.
- Use of any investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to enrollment in the study.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Nab-Paclitaxel 125mg/m2
Epirubicin 90 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600mg/m2 IV every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. Nab paclitaxel 125mg/m2 IV days 1, 8 and 15 for 12 weeks In case of HER2 positive tumour patients will receive trastuzumab in combination with nab-Paclitaxel |
Nab-Paclitaxel- 125 mg/m2 days 1,8, 15 for 12 weeks
Other Names:
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Pathological complete response in the breast
Time Frame: 24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Pathological complete response defined as breast only, ypT0/ ypTis regardless of nodal status
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24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Progression Free Survival
Time Frame: 5 years
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5 years
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Pathologic Response rate in breast and axillary lymph nodes
Time Frame: 24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Pathologic assessment
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24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Rate of pathologic complete response and near complete response in the breast combined
Time Frame: 24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Pathologic assessment
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24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Breast conservation rate
Time Frame: 24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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24 weeks (time window + 4 weeks)
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Safety and tolerability
Time Frame: During treatment (24 weeks)
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Safety will be measured using NCI Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Effects version 4.0
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During treatment (24 weeks)
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Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
NQ01*2 genotype (P187S) status
Time Frame: Baseline
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Baseline
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Mustafa Khasraw, MD, Barwon Health
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
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- Siegel D, Anwar A, Winski SL, Kepa JK, Zolman KL, Ross D. Rapid polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of a mutant form of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):263-8. doi: 10.1124/mol.59.2.263.
- Fagerholm R, Hofstetter B, Tommiska J, Aaltonen K, Vrtel R, Syrjakoski K, Kallioniemi A, Kilpivaara O, Mannermaa A, Kosma VM, Uusitupa M, Eskelinen M, Kataja V, Aittomaki K, von Smitten K, Heikkila P, Lukas J, Holli K, Bartkova J, Blomqvist C, Bartek J, Nevanlinna H. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 NQO1*2 genotype (P187S) is a strong prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2008 Jul;40(7):844-53. doi: 10.1038/ng.155. Epub 2008 May 30.
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Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Anticipated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- ALCC12.01
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Clinical Trials on Breast Cancer
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Northwestern UniversityEisai Inc.UnknownMale Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Stage IA Breast Cancer | Stage IB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | HER2-negative...United States
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Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNational Cancer Institute (NCI); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyActive, not recruitingStage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Stage IIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | HER2-negative Breast CancerUnited States
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University of Southern CaliforniaNational Cancer Institute (NCI)TerminatedMale Breast Cancer | Stage IV Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Stage IA Breast Cancer | Stage IB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Recurrent Breast CancerUnited States
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University of WashingtonTerminatedBreast Cancer | Breast Cancer Stage I | Breast Cancer Stage II | Breast Cancer Stage III | Breast Cancer Stage IIB | Breast Cancer Stage IIA | Breast Cancer Stage IIIA | Breast Cancer Stage IIIB | Breast Cancer Stage IIIcUnited States
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CelgeneCompletedBreast Cancer | Metastatic Breast Cancer | Stage IV Breast Cancer | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Recurrent Breast Cancer | Breast Tumor | Cancer of the Breast | Triple-negative Metastatic Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor- Negative Breast Cancer | HER2- Negative Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor- Negative...United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Spain, Canada, Portugal, Australia, Austria, Greece, Brazil, France
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University of Southern CaliforniaNational Cancer Institute (NCI)TerminatedHER2-positive Breast Cancer | Stage IV Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Stage IA Breast Cancer | Stage IB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Recurrent Breast CancerUnited States
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University of WashingtonNational Cancer Institute (NCI)CompletedHER2-positive Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IA Breast Cancer | Stage IB Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor-positive Breast...United States
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University of WashingtonNational Cancer Institute (NCI)CompletedHER2-positive Breast Cancer | Male Breast Cancer | Stage IV Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Recurrent Breast CancerUnited States
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Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson...Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer FoundationCompletedStage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Estrogen Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | Progesterone Receptor-negative Breast Cancer | HER2-negative Breast CancerUnited States
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University of Southern CaliforniaNational Cancer Institute (NCI)WithdrawnStage IV Breast Cancer | Stage II Breast Cancer | Stage IIIA Breast Cancer | Stage IIIB Breast Cancer | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Stage IA Breast Cancer | Stage IB Breast Cancer | Stage IIIC Breast Cancer | Recurrent Breast Cancer
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