A Website to Teach Children Safety With Dogs

Dog bites result in over 800,000 doctor/ER visits, 6000 hospitalizations, and a dozen deaths each year in the United States. By a large margin, children suffer the highest risk - and children typically are bitten by familiar dogs in familiar places. Several programs exist to reduce pediatric dog bite risk, but few are empirically-supported or theoretically-motivated. None are widely disseminated. This study builds from existing child dog bite prevention programs to develop and then evaluate a website to teach children safe interactions with dogs. The website will be interactive, entertaining, and engaging, allowing children (target ages 4-6) to learn in a technologically-sophisticated and interactive environment. It will be developed based in behavioral theory. Hearkening child development theory, it will teach and permit practice of cognitive skills that develop in early childhood and are critical to safety with dogs: impulse control, perspective taking, and attention to details. Hearkening health behavior change theory, the website will help children and their parents perceive personal vulnerability to bites, recognize normative behavior to protect themselves, and have personal motivation to change previous habits. Overarching the website design will be goals to create an engaging and entertaining environment, and to facilitate cognitive and behavioral change on the part of both child and parent via multiple mechanisms. Besides teaching children, the website will educate parents via an innovative messaging system triggered by child attainment of points and "skill levels".

Following website development, an evaluation study will investigate usability and efficacy of the website using a repeated measures pre-test, post-test experimental design. 68 children ages 4-6 will be recruited, complete a pre-intervention assessment evaluating knowledge and behavior relevant to dog safety via multiple methods, and then be randomly assigned to use either the newly-developed dog safety website or a control pedestrian safety website at home over the subsequent 2 weeks. Frequent reminders will encourage website use. Following the 2-week period, all children will return for a post-intervention assessment battery to evaluate knowledge and behavior change. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with primary hypotheses tested using linear mixed models.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Child Dog Bite Prevention
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: dog safety; Behavioral: transportation safety

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 69
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
      • UAB Youth Safety Lab, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 4 years to 6 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• parent and child speak English,
• exposure to dogs with some frequency,
• internet access at home

Exclusion Criteria:

• physical or disability preventing valid participation in study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: dog safety; 2 weeks of regular use of website on child dog safety developed for this research	Behavioral: dog safety; use of dog safety website at home for about 2 weeks
Active Comparator: transportation safety; 2 weeks of regular use of publicly-available website on child transportation safety	Behavioral: transportation safety; use of transportation safety website at home for about 2 weeks

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Children's Behavior With Dogs on Standardized Objective Scale	Coded behavior using objective criteria during a semi-structured interaction with a live therapy dog. Specifically, we examined behavioral patterns for 15 tasks/activities/decisions the child made with the live dog. Sample tasks were when and how the child touched the dog, the extent to which the child was close or intimate to the dog, whether the child handled the dog's toys, and whether the child interrupted the dog during its "rest time". 7 of those hung together in factor analysis. Those 7 were standardized and then averaged to create the scale. It was transformed with linear transformation so all values are positive. Higher numbers indicate higher risk-taking. Theoretically the scale is 0-infinity; in practice most children scored between 0-4. The individual items had an average intercorrelation of .50 and Cronbach's alpha of .65.	post-intervention (about 2 weeks after pre-intervention assessment)
Simulated Behavior With Dogs on Standardized Objective Scale	Coded behavior in dollhouse simulation. Specifically, in 7 simulated scenarios using a dollhouse that included child and dog characters, furniture, yard, etc., children heard a scene and explained/used the dolls to act what would happen next. For example, the experimenter acted a child doll playing in the kitchen near dog food and the doll dog entered, saw the child, and approached the food bowl. The experimenter said, "[Child's Name] is playing around in the kitchen near [Dog name's] food. [Dog's name] comes into the kitchen and sees [Child's Name] near his/her food bowl making him/her upset and start to growl. What will happen next?" The task was coded using objective coding criteria to score the child's response as safe (1 point), safe but not optimal (0.5 points), or unsafe (0 points). Scores across the 7 scenarios were summed to yield a single score; possible range = 0=7. Higher scores indicate better safety. Inter-rater reliability on 30% of the sample was good; kappa = .90.	post-intervention (about 2 weeks after pre-intervention assessment)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Alabama at Birmingham

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Schwebel DC, McClure LA, Severson J. Evaluating a website to teach children safety with dogs. Inj Prev. 2015 Feb;21(1):e2. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041286. Epub 2014 May 28.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: March 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 18, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 21, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): November 24, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): February 6, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 8, 2016
• Last Verified: December 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: R21HD075960 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided
• IPD Plan Description: After primary analyses will completed, will provide de-identified data to qualified users who contact us.