Randomized Controlled Trial of Social Network Targeting in Honduras

Randomized Controlled Trial of Social Network Targeting to Magnify Population-Level MNCH Behavior Change in Honduras

Social network targeting strategies can be used to improve the delivery and uptake of health interventions. We will enroll approximately 30,000 individuals into a randomized controlled trial of different targeting algorithms in order to explore how social network dynamics affect the uptake, diffusion, and group-level normative reinforcement of key neonatal and infant health behaviors and attitudes in 176 rural villages in the Copan region of Honduras. Our goal is to develop methods by which global health practitioners can exploit face-to-face social network interactions in order to maximize uptake of neonatal and infant health interventions. The villages will be randomly assigned to 16 cells of 11 villages each in a 2 x 8 factorial design of different targeting algorithms.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diarrhea; Hypothermia; Preterm Delivery; Upper Respiratory Infection; Omphalitis
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: CBNH

Detailed Description

Honduras has one of the highest neonatal mortality rates in Latin America despite having made significant strides in reducing neonatal, infant, and child mortality in the last several decades. Although many neonatal and infant deaths can be prevented through provision of clinical care services, emerging evidence also suggests that a substantial reduction in neonatal and infant mortality can also be achieved with simple, low-cost interventions within family and community settings. This is particularly important in areas where functional community health facilities are not available. Family and community outreach programs can serve to educate families about beneficial home care practices.

In order to accelerate neonatal mortality reduction , there is an urgent need to develop innovative solutions that are not only effective, but also more easily implementable and more readily scalable. An important component of this challenge, which has hitherto not been effectively measured and understood with respect to neonatal mortality, is the "embeddedness" of individuals within social networks. Hence, through a large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) in rural Honduras, we will deploy and assess social network targeting algorithms in order to maximize diffusion and adoption of the "Changing behaviors to improve neonatal, child, and maternal health using communication and social networks at the community level intervention (CBNH)". The CBNH intervention is a household-level intervention package that targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management implemented by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and their partners.

This RCT is aimed at discerning optimal methods for targeting delivery of the intervention to the population. Specifically we will (1) test what percentage of a community needs to be in a program to achieve social norms change around key neonatal care behaviors, and (2) test whether so-called nominated-friend-targeting, a method that targets individuals who are more highly connected in the network, is more effective than a control strategy. Our 2x8 factorial design will examine how large a subset of the population should be used as a "seed" group in order to maximize the chances of spread of the effect, and the efficiency with which such an intervention might be delivered in the future. To do this, we will assign each of the 176 study villages to either one of the two groups: 1)random assignment (active comparator), where "seed" individuals are chose at random or 2) friend-of-random assignment (experimental), where "seed" individuals are chosen on the basis of being named as a friend of a randomly selected individual. Each of the groups of villages will also be assigned to one of eight treatment percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% 50%, 75%, 100%), where each represents the percent of targeted households in that village to receive the CBNH health intervention.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 31195
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Honduras
  • Copan
    • Copan Ruinas, Copan, Honduras
      • Community intervention
• United States
  • Connecticut
    • New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520
      • Yale Institute for Network Science

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 12 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria: People who live or work in target villages, ages 12 and up -

Exclusion Criteria: People who do not live or work in the sample villages, and those who are prisoners, mentally impaired, or under age 12 years.

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Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

16

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Random 0; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 0% of population targeted households in the village.
Active Comparator: Random 5; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 5% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 10; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 10% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 20; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 20% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 30; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 30% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 50; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 50% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 75; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 75% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Active Comparator: Random 100; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to a random 100% of targeted households in the village.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
No Intervention: Friendship 0; CBNH 0% of population targeted
Experimental: Friendship 5; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 5% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 10; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 10% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 20; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 20% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 30; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 30% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 50; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 50% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 75; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 75% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.
Experimental: Friendship 100; The CBNH intervention will be delivered to 100% of households identified through friendship nomination.	Behavioral: CBNH; The household-level intervention package targets health behaviors surrounding neonatal and maternal health, and diarrhea and respiratory illness prevention and management.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Speed of adoption of intervention and fraction of adoption of CBNH intervention (participant survey).	24 Months
Percent of participants reporting paternal involvement during pregnancy and postpartum care (participant survey).	24 Months
Percent of newborns with appropriate umbilical cord care (participant survey)	24 Months
Percent of children under 5 with diarrheal illness in the last 4 weeks (participant survey)	24 Months
Percent of children under age 5 with symptoms of acute respiratory illness in the last 4 weeks (participant survey).	24 months
Percent of women experiencing a pregnancy danger sign who sought professional medical care (participant survey).	24 months
Percent of children experiencing a newborn danger sign who were taken to professional medical care (participant survey)	24 months
Percent of children who were breastfed exclusively during first 6 months (participant survey)	24 Months
Percentage of deliveries taking place in medical facilities (participant survey, medical records).	24 months
Receipt of post-natal care medical check-up within 7 days of delivery - Mother (participant survey, medical records).	24 months
Receipt of post-natal care medical check-up within 7 days of delivery - Newborn (participant survey, medical records).	24 months
Percent of newborns receiving appropriate thermal care during first 7 days after birth (participant survey).	24 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Knowledge/attitudes about thermal care in newborns (Participant survey)	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about paternal involvement (Participant survey)	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about proper cord care (Participant survey)	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about prevention and/or treatment of diarrhea (Participant survey)	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about prevention and/or treatment of respiratory illness (Participant survey)	24 months
Knowledge about danger signs during pregnancy (Participant survey).	24 months
Knowledge about danger signs for newborns (Participant survey).	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about facility-based births (Participant survey).	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about post-natal care for women (Participant survey).	24 months
Knowledge/attitudes about post-natal care for newborns (Participant survey).	24 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Yale University
• Collaborators: University of California, San Diego; Inter-American Development Bank
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Nicholas Christakis, MD, PhD, Yale University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Shakya HB, Stafford D, Hughes DA, Keegan T, Negron R, Broome J, McKnight M, Nicoll L, Nelson J, Iriarte E, Ordonez M, Airoldi E, Fowler JH, Christakis NA. Exploiting social influence to magnify population-level behaviour change in maternal and child health: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of network targeting algorithms in rural Honduras. BMJ Open. 2017 Mar 13;7(3):e012996. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012996.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 24, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 24, 2016
• First Posted (Estimated): February 29, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 8, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 4, 2023
• Last Verified: August 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: social networks, maternal and child health, global health
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Pregnancy Complications; Obstetric Labor Complications; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Body Temperature Changes; Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications; Urogenital Diseases; Diarrhea; Premature Birth; Respiratory Tract Infections; Hypothermia
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1506016012

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No