- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT02974491
Consumption of Apple Juice in Hemodialysis Patients
Acute Consumption of Fuji Apple Juice Does Not Affect Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Intervention Study
Study Overview
Detailed Description
Subjects and study design
In this pre-post pilot feasibility study, subjects served as their own controls. Participants were recruited from a hemodialysis clinic, located in Florianópolis' metropolitan area, Santa Catarina state (Southern Brazil), from June to August 2015 with the following inclusion criteria: hemodialysis treatment ≥ 3 months, age ≥ 20 years, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m2. Exclusion criteria were allergy to apple, presence of cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, kidney transplant less than 6 months before enrolling in the study, taking antioxidant or nutritional supplements during the 30 days before enrollment, having been hospitalized within 6 weeks before the beginning of the study, or suffering from an acute illness.
Subjects were instructed to keep their usual dietary habits for the duration of the study, except for avoiding intake of polyphenol-rich foods (i.e., vegetables, fruits and fruit-containing products, chocolate, tea, coffee, honey, and any alcoholic beverage) within 2 days before and during intervention. On two different days, each volunteer consumed 300 mL Fuji AJ, immediately after a dialysis section. After a washout period of 3 weeks, the volunteers drank 150 mL Fuji AJ in a similar manner as described above. Before and after 30 and 60 min of AJ consumption, blood samples were withdrawn for biochemical analysis. This protocol was chosen taking into account the previous favorable effects of AJ consumption on serum OS biomarkers described for healthy volunteers.
Baseline clinical and biochemical data were obtained from medical records. This study was approved by the ethics committee of human research of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) (protocol number 37090614.6.0000.0118) and all participants gave written and informed consent.
Apple juice and analysis
Fuji apples were obtained from the Experimental Seasonal Fields at the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina' Station in the city of São Joaquin, Santa Catarina, Brazil (latitude 28º 17' 39", longitude 49º 55' 56" and altitude 1.415 m), harvested in their commercial maturation stage during 2015's harvest. After harvest, apples were stored at 4 ± 1°C. To allow for a quick and easy apple intake in large amounts, 300 mL of AJ, equivalent to 3.5 apples, and 150 mL AJ, equivalent to 1.5 apples were used. Before preparing the juice, the fruits were sanitized in sodium hypochlorite. Apples with peel and no seeds were blended in a centrifugal juice extractor without water addition. Each dose of AJ was prepared and consumed immediately.
The contents of dry matter, total soluble solids, potential of hydrogen (pH) and titratable acidity of AJ were measured following official methods. The total phenolic content of the AJ extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method colorimetric. The total flavanol content was estimated using p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method. The total antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) method. For total monomeric anthocyanin, a spectrophotometric pH differential method was used. Analyses were conducted with each AJ used in the two intervention days, in triplicate.
Blood sampling and laboratory methods
In each experiment day, blood samples from participants were collected in three different moments. Venous blood samples were collected using a vacuum system (Vacutainer Becton Dickinson BD®, São Paulo, Brazil) into heparin, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes or additive-free tubes. Plasma and serum were immediately obtained by centrifugation (3,000 revolutions per minute (RPM), 10 min, room temperature) for the measurement of uric acid, phosphorus, glucose, potassium, Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status( TOS). In order to quantify the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, an aliquot of whole blood was lysed. In order to measure reduced glutathione (GSH), an aliquot of whole blood was preserved in N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). All samples were immediately stored at -80°C for later analysis in duplicate.
Serum uric acid, phosphorus and glucose concentrations were determined using commercially available kits (Labtest Diagnóstica SA, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil) in an automated multi-biochemical analyzer (Cobas Miras Plus, Roche®, Germany). Serum potassium levels were measured in an automated Dimension Max System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products®, Germany), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
TAS and TOS assays were measured spectrophotometrically, according to Erel's methods. Ascorbic acid and GSH were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as previously described. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was evaluated using SOD Assay Kit (Sigma Aldrich®, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Catalase (CAT) activity was determined spectrophotometrically according to the previously described method. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using the NADPH oxidation rate method.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- hemodialysis treatment ≥ 3 months, age ≥ 20 years, and body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2
Exclusion Criteria:
- allergy to apple, presence of cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, kidney transplant less than 6 months before enrolling in the study, taking antioxidant or nutritional supplements during the 30 days before enrollment, having been hospitalized within 6 weeks before the beginning of the study, or suffering from an acute illness
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: N/A
- Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Apple Juice
|
On two different days, each volunteer consumed 300 mL Fuji apple juice (AJ), immediately after a dialysis section.
After a washout period of 3 weeks, the volunteers drank 150 mL Fuji AJ in a similar manner as described above.
Before and after 30 and 60 min of AJ consumption, blood samples were withdrawn for biochemical analysis.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Total antioxidant status (TAS) (mmol/L) and total oxidant status (TOS) (mmol/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Measuring endogenous antioxidant enzymes
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Catalase (U mg/Hb), glutathione peroxidase (U mg/Hb) and superoxide dismutase (U mg/Hb) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Ascorbic acid (micromole/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Reduced glutathione (micromole mg/Hb) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Measuring serum biochemical parameters
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Potassium (mmol/L), phosphorus (mmol/L) and glucose (mmol/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Measuring serum biochemical parameters
Time Frame: Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Uric acid (micromole/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice.
Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood.
This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers.
Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.
|
Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes
|
Evaluating heigth
Time Frame: at baseline
|
Height (meters) data were obtained from the patient's files.
|
at baseline
|
Evaluating weight
Time Frame: At baseline
|
Weight (kilograms) data were obtained from the patient's files.
|
At baseline
|
Evaluating body mass index
Time Frame: At baseline
|
Body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2) data were obtained from the patient's files.
|
At baseline
|
Evaluating medication
Time Frame: At baseline
|
Medication data were obtained from the patient's files.
|
At baseline
|
Evaluating adequacy of the dialysis treatment
Time Frame: At baseline
|
Adequacy of the dialysis treatment was captured by extracting the routine Kt/V from the medical record.
|
At baseline
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Ruskovska T, Jansen EH, Antarorov R. Evaluation of assays for measurement of serum (anti)oxidants in hemodialysis patients. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:843157. doi: 10.1155/2014/843157. Epub 2014 May 19.
- Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, JMC. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death. In: Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, JMC. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2007, p. 87-267.
- McDonald CI, Fraser JF, Coombes JS, Fung YL. Oxidative stress during extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Dec;46(6):937-43. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt637. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
- Melidou M, Riganakos K, Galaris D. Protection against nuclear DNA damage offered by flavonoids in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide: the role of iron chelation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Dec 15;39(12):1591-600. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.009. Epub 2005 Aug 29.
- Spormann TM, Albert FW, Rath T, Dietrich H, Will F, Stockis JP, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C. Anthocyanin/polyphenolic-rich fruit juice reduces oxidative cell damage in an intervention study with patients on hemodialysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3372-80. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0364.
- Castilla P, Echarri R, Davalos A, Cerrato F, Ortega H, Teruel JL, Lucas MF, Gomez-Coronado D, Ortuno J, Lasuncion MA. Concentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):252-62. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.252.
- Shema-Didi L, Sela S, Ore L, Shapiro G, Geron R, Moshe G, Kristal B. One year of pomegranate juice intake decreases oxidative stress, inflammation, and incidence of infections in hemodialysis patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Jul 15;53(2):297-304. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.013. Epub 2012 May 17.
- Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, Cano N, Chauveau P, Cuppari L, Franch H, Guarnieri G, Ikizler TA, Kaysen G, Lindholm B, Massy Z, Mitch W, Pineda E, Stenvinkel P, Trevino-Becerra A, Wanner C. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Feb;73(4):391-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002585. Epub 2007 Dec 19. Erratum In: Kidney Int. 2008 Aug;74(3):393. Trevinho-Becerra, A [corrected to Trevino-Becerra, A].
- Golding JB, McGlasson WB, Wyllie SG, Leach DN. Fate of apple peel phenolics during cool storage. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2283-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0015266.
- Dai X, Luo H, Jiang L, Ling L, Xue Y, Yu Z. Efficacy of different sanitizing agents and their combination on microbe population and quality of fresh-cut Chinese chives. J Food Sci. 2012 Jul;77(7):M348-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02770.x. Epub 2012 Jun 18.
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2005.
- Singleton, VL, Rossi, JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965;16(3):144-58.
- Arnous, A, Markis, D, Kefalas, P. Correlation of pigment and flavonol content with antioxidant properties in selected aged regional wines from Greece. J Food Composit Ana 2002;15(6):655-65.
- Brand-Williams, W, Cuvelier, ME, Berset, C. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 1995;28(1):25-30.
- Giusti, MM, Wrolstad, RE. Anthocyanins: characterization and measurement with UV-visible spectroscopy. In: Wrolstald, RE, ed. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 2001, p. 1-13.
- Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):277-85. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015.
- Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem. 2005 Dec;38(12):1103-11. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008. Epub 2005 Oct 7.
- Chung WY, Chung JK, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. Plasma ascorbic acid: measurement, stability and clinical utility revisited. Clin Biochem. 2001 Nov;34(8):623-7. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9120(01)00270-3.
- Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Fanti P, Rossi R. Analysis of GSH and GSSG after derivatization with N-ethylmaleimide. Nat Protoc. 2013 Sep;8(9):1660-9. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.095. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
- Johansson LH, Borg LA. A spectrophotometric method for determination of catalase activity in small tissue samples. Anal Biochem. 1988 Oct;174(1):331-6. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90554-4.
- Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol. 1981;77:325-33. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(81)77046-0. No abstract available.
- National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Oct;42(4 Suppl 3):S1-201. No abstract available.
- International Diabetes Federation. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes, http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/postmeal%20glucose%20guidelines.pdf; 2011 [accessed 03.10.16].
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Estimate)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Other Study ID Numbers
- 37090614.6.0000.0118
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
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