Impact of Opioid Free Anesthesia on Outcome After DIEPflap Surgery (DIEPflap)

Impact of Opioid Free Anesthesia on the Complications After DIEPflap Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

The Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator free flap (DIEPflap) involves the transfer of abdominal tissue to the breast using microsurgery. Flap failure is rare today, but is devastating.

Blood flow in a DIEPflap decreases during the first hours. Many anesthetic factors like low cardiac output, hypothermia and surgical stress cause vasoconstriction or thrombosis.

A stable anesthesia during these long procedures improves flap perfusion. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is frequent and might have an impact.

Opioid free anesthesia (OFA) reduces PONV. The anti-inflammatory and vasodilator effects of the drugs dexmedetomidine and lidocaine might improve free flap perfusion.

The primary outcome counted all complications. The secondary outcomes were PONV, pain, opioid consumption, skin flap temperature and length of hospital stay.

Patients get according to attending anesthesiologist an opioid or opioid free anesthesia without any randomization but based on availability of competence.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Major and Minor Surgical Complications
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: opioid free anesthesia

Detailed Description

The investigators included all patients in the hospital database.belgium who underwent DIEPflap surgery between Jan 2014 and April 2019. All patients entering the hospital provided consent to allow retrospective data analysis without patient identification.

Because patient assignment to an operating day was determined without knowing who would perform the anesthesia on a few exceptions, the choice of opioid free anesthesia (OFA) or opioid anesthesia (OA) in most cases was random. Patients were classified as receiving OFA when no opioids were given pre- or intra- operatively until wound closure. Opioids given after wound closure were counted as post-operative opioids. Patients who received a lower dose of intra-operative opioids by using additives were still classified as OA. Post-operative opioid free analgesia was classified as receiving no opioids after wound closure until discharge from hospital in patients not receiving medium- or long-acting opioids, pre- or intra-operatively.

The method of reaching OFA remained stable since 2014. Dexmedetomidine was given in a first loading dose of 0.3 mcg/kg 15 minutes before induction, a second loading dose of 0.1 mcg/kg at induction followed by an infusion of 0.1 mcg/kg/h for maintenance. Lidocaine is given as a loading dose of 1 mg/kg at induction followed by 1 mg/kg/h for maintenance. A Ketamine loading dose of 0.1 mg/kg is given at induction with an extra bolus of 0.7 mg/kg (or max 50 mg) before incision followed by an infusion of 0.1mg/kg/h.

Post-operative analgesia was further improved by continuing very low doses of dexmedetomidine (0.05 mcg/kg/h), ketamine (0.05 mg/kg/h), and lidocaine (0.5 mg/kg/h) for the first hours (maximum 5 hours) with the possibility of giving a bolus of 10 mg lidocaine, 1 mg ketamine and 1 mcg dexmedetomidine every 15 minutes.

OA was induced with sufentanil (0.1 - 0.3 mcg/kg) and continued with extra boli (0.1 - 0.2 mcg/kg) or a continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.20 - 0.35 mcg/kg/h). Since 2014 more and more additives like clonidine, dexmedetomidine, ketamine and lidocaine were given as a single additive at the induction to reduce the total dose of intraoperative opioid use. Nevertheless these patients were still counted as OA.

All patients getting OFA got a strict goal directed fluid therapy with an average amount of fluids between 600 and 1200 ml. Patients on OA got a more liberal fluid therapy resulting in total amounts between 3000 and 5000 ml. For each patient the total amount of fluids given intra operative and the duration of the surgical procedure is calculated.

Following demographic data was retrieved: age, body mass index (BMI), American society of anesthesiology (ASA) score, incidence of hypertension, smoking or history of recent smoking, motion sickness or previous PONV. A bilateral DIEPflap is noted as bilat versus unilat and depending on the use of opioids postoperative an Apfel score is calculated. The number of anti emetic drugs given before any PONV took place and the number given after PONV is calculated, the incidence of nausea and the incidence of vomiting is measured. The maximum visual analog score (VAS) during the first 24 hours and the total equivalent dose of morphine used in the first 24 hours is measured.

Postoperative flap skin temperature was measured every hour in the first 24 hours and compared to a reference skin temperature close by.

Perioperative complications during the first post-operative month were graded according to a score (CLAVIEN), (DINDOO).

DIEPflap failure was defined as the need for a revision procedure that fails in preserving the flap and requires a new or other flap procedure.

The investigators calculated length of hospital stay (LOS) as the total number of nights in hospital after surgery.

The investigators retrieved all measured factors potentially related to complications of grade I to grade V or healthcare utilization outcomes from the database and medical records. Post-operative opioids were defined as the total dose of opioids used during the first 24 hours post-operatively, calculated as iv morphine equivalents. The following were considered equivalent to 1 mg iv morphine: 1 mg iv or subcutaneous piritramide, 10 mg iv tramadol, or 2 mg sublingual oxycodone.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 204

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Belgium
  • Brugge, Belgium, 8000
    • Azsintjan

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 75 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

woman who are admitted for breast reconstruction using the diepflap (free flap)

Description

Inclusion Criteria: DIEPflap unilat or bilat woman between 18 and 60 years old-

Exclusion Criteria: none

• allergy to any of the drugs used in anesthesia

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
opioid free anesthesia (OFA); The method of reaching OFA: Dexmedetomidine was given in a first loading dose 15 minutes before induction, a second loading dose at induction followed by an infusion for maintenance. Lidocaine is given as a loading dose at induction followed by infusion for maintenance. A Ketamine loading dose is given at induction with an extra bolus before incision followed by an infusion.	Other: opioid free anesthesia; general anesthesia blocking reflexes without using an opioid
opioid anesthesia (OA); OA was induced with sufentanil and continued with extra boli or a continuous infusion of remifentanil.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients With One or More Complications	number of minor and major complications (CLAVIEN) (DINDOO)	One month postoperative

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients With Post Operative Nausea or Vomiting	number of patients having Post operative nausea or vomiting (PONV)	24 hours postoperative
Postoperative Pain: Visual Analog Scale	postoperative Pain measured by visual analog scale: 0: no pain. 10 max pain	24 hours postoperative
Morphine Used	morphine consumed in mg	24 hours postoperative
Skin Temperature	temperature difference between free flap skin and central patient skin	24 hours post operative
Length of Hospital Stay	length of hospital stay in days	up to two weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: AZ Sint-Jan AV
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jan Paul Mulier, AZSint Jan AV

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 15, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): November 15, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 26, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 26, 2017
• First Posted (Actual): June 28, 2017

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 23, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 4, 2021
• Last Verified: February 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Narcotics; Anesthetics; Analgesics, Opioid
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2019OSOFADIEPFLAP

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No