Phase IIb Study Evaluating Immunogenic Chemotherapy Combined With Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Breast Cancer (ICON)

A Randomized Phase IIb Study Evaluating Immunogenic Chemotherapy Combined With Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Patients With Metastatic Hormone Reseptor Positive Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is rarely curable after metastasis, and the therapeutic options are limited. Interestingly, the host immune response is strongly predictive for the effect of chemotherapy in subgroups of patients with breast cancer. The aim is to release the brake on the immune response by use of ipilimumab, which blocks CTLA-4 and may deplete regulatory T cells, combined with nivolumab (anti PD1). Importantly, it is possible that non-responders to nivolumab/ipilimumab (nivo/ipi) can be turned responders by use of immunogenic chemotherapy.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Breast Cancer; Metastatic Breast Cancer; Hormone Receptor Positive Tumor
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Cyclophosphamide; Drug: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin; Drug: Ipilimumab; Drug: Nivolumab

Detailed Description

There is compelling evidence from animal studies, supported by data from humans, that some chemotherapeutic agents are immunogenic. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide have been shown to be particularly powerful inducers of immunogenic cell death. Both agents fulfil 5/5 criteria established for assessing the immunogenicity of different chemotherapeutic drugs. There is also strong evidence from humans, particularly in breast cancer, indicating that the clinical effect of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide depends on the host immune response. Further, these agents have been shown to induce a Type I interferon immune response in breast cancer. Taken together, there is a strong rationale for synergy between doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide and PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade. The trial combines nivolumab and ipilimumab with established 1st choice chemotherapy in patients with metastatic hormone reseptor positive breast cancer. Nivolumab/ipilimumab (nivo/ipi) may i) potentiate the patient´s spontaneous anti-tumor immune response ii) synergize with chemotherapeutic agents that induce immunological cell death

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 82
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Belgium
  • Brussels, Belgium, 1000
    • Institut Jules Bordet
  • Bruxelles, Belgium, 1200
    • Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc
  • Namur, Belgium, 5000
    • CHU UCL Namur
• Norway
  • Kristiansand, Norway
    • Soerlandet Hospital HF Kristiansand
  • Oslo, Norway
    • Oslo University Hospital
  • Stavanger, Norway, 4011
    • Stavanger University Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer (primary or recurrent), defined as ER+ >1% in metastatic biopsy (archival material or study biopsy) or cytology and HER2 negative in the last biopsy or cytology evaluable for HER2. HER2-analysis is to be perfomed according to national criteria.
2. Adequate core or excisional study biopsy of a tumor lesion. Lesions in previously irradiated areas may only be used for the biopsy if the lesion has appared or progressed after radiation. No anti-tumor treatment is allowed between the time point for biopsy and study entry.
3. Measurable metastatic disease according to RECIST
4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1
5. Signed Informed Consent Form
6. Women or men aged ≥ 18 years
7. A minimum of 12 months from adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy with antracyclins to relapse disease
8. A maximum of one previous line with chemotherapy in the metastatic setting
9. Chemotherapy is considered as preferred treatment
10. Previous endocrine and targeted therapy is allowed
11. No use of systemic corticosteroids at study entry
12. Female subject of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy within 7 days prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required
13. Female subjects of childbearing potential should agree to remain abstinent (refrain from heterosexual intercourse) or use contraceptive methods that result in a failure rate of < 1% per year, during the treatment period and for at least 5 months after the last dose of study therapy.
14. Male subjects should agree to use an adequate method of contraception starting with the first dose of study therapy through 7 months after the last dose of study therapy
15. Able to swallow and retain orally administered medication
16. Adequate organ function as defined in Table 1

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Malignancies other than breast cancer within 5 years prior to randomization, with the exception of those with a negligible risk of metastasis or death and treated with expected curative outcome (such as adequately treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix or basal or squamous cell skin cancer)
2. Spinal cord compression not definitively treated with surgery and/or radiation, or previously diagnosed and treated spinal cord compression without evidence that disease has been clinically stable for > 8 weeks prior to randomization

3. Known CNS disease, except for asymptomatic CNS metastases, provided all of the following criteria are met:

   1. Measurable disease outside the CNS
   2. Asymptomatic for CNS disease > 4 weeks
   3. No ongoing requirement for corticosteroids as therapy for CNS disease
   4. No radiation of brain lesions within 2 weeks prior to randomization
   5. No leptomeningeal disease
4. Uncontrolled pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or ascites. Patients with indwelling catheters (e.g., PleurX®) are allowed
5. Uncontrolled tumor-related pain. Patients requiring narcotic pain medication must be on a stable regimen at study entry. Symptomatic lesions (e.g., bone metastases or metastases causing nerve impingement) amenable to palliative radiotherapy should be treated prior to randomization. Asymptomatic metastatic lesions whose further growth would likely cause functional deficits or intractable pain (e.g., epidural metastasis that is not presently associated with spinal cord compression) should be considered for loco-regional therapy if appropriate prior to randomization
6. Ionized calcium > 1.2 x UNL. The use of bisphosphonates is allowed
7. Pregnant or breastfeeding
8. Evidence of significant uncontrolled concomitant disease that could affect compliance with the protocol or interpretation of results, including significant liver disease (such as cirrhosis, uncontrolled major seizure disorder, or superior vena cava syndrome)
9. Significant cardiovascular disease, such as New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac disease (Class II or greater), myocardial infarction within 3 months prior to randomization, unstable arrhythmias, or unstable angina Patients with a known left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40% will be excluded. Patients with known coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure not meeting the above criteria, or LVEF < 50% must be on a stable medical regimen that is optimized in the opinion of the treating physician, in consultation with a cardiologist if appropriate
10. Severe infection within 21 days prior to randomization, requiring hospitalization
11. Received oral or IV antibiotics within 1 week prior to Cycle 1, Day 1. Patients receiving routine antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or for dental extraction) are eligible
12. Major surgical procedure within 21 days prior to randomization or anticipation of the need for a major surgical procedure during the course of the study other than for diagnosis. Placement of central venous access catheter(s) is not considered a major surgical procedure and is therefore permitted
13. A history of severe allergic, anaphylactic, or other hypersensitivity reactions to chimeric or humanized antibodies or fusion proteins
14. Known hypersensitivity to any of the components of the investigational products

15. A history of autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxin, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment. Patients with eczema, psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus or vitiligo with dermatologic manifestations only (e.g., no psoriatic arthritis) are permitted provided that they meet all of the following conditions:

    1. Rash must cover less than 10% of body surface area.
    2. Disease is well controlled at baseline and only requiring low potency topical steroids
    3. No acute exacerbations of underlying condition within the last 12 months (not requiring PUVA [psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation], methotrexate, retinoids, biologic agents, oral calcineurin inhibitors, high potency or oral steroids)
16. Undergone allogeneic stem cell or solid organ transplantation
17. A history of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest CT scan. History of radiation pneumonitis in the radiation field (fibrosis) is permitted
18. A positive test for HIV
19. Active hepatitis B (defined as having a positive hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] test at screening) or hepatitis C. Patients with past hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection or resolved HBV infection (defined as having a negative HBsAg test and a positive antibody to hepatitis B core antigen [anti-HBc] antibody test) are eligible. Patients positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody are eligible only if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is negative for HCV RNA
20. Active tuberculosis
21. Currently receiving study therapy or has participated in a study of an investigational agent and received study therapy or used an investigational device within 4 weeks of the first dose of treatment
22. Received treatment with immune checkpoint modulators, including anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, or anti-PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies
23. Received treatment with systemic immunostimulatory agents (including but not limited to interferons or IL-2) within 4 weeks or five half-lives of the drug (whichever is shorter) prior to randomization

24. Received treatment with systemic corticosteroids or other systemic immunosuppressive medications (including but not limited to prednisone, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF] agents) within 2 weeks prior to randomization, or anticipated requirement for systemic immunosuppressive medications during the trial

    1. Patients who have received acute, low-dose, systemic immunosuppressant medications (e.g., a one-time dose of dexamethasone for nausea) may be enrolled in the study
    2. Patients with a history of allergic reaction to IV contrast requiring steroid pre-treatment should have baseline and subsequent tumor assessments performed using MRI
    3. The use of inhaled corticosteroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mineralocorticoids (e.g., fludrocortisone) for patients with orthostatic hypotension, and low-dose supplemental corticosteroids for adrenocortical insufficiency are allowed
25. Received anti-cancer therapy (medical agents or radiation) within 2 weeks prior to study Cycle 1, Day 1. Palliative radiotherapy for bone lesions is allowed up to 7 days before start of therapy.
26. A history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with the subject's participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the subject to participate, in the opinion of the treating Investigator
27. Known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation and the requirements of the trial

28. Received a live vaccine within 30 days of planned start of study therapy, or is expected to receive such a vaccine while on therapy

    a. Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu vaccines and are allowed; however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist®) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed.

29. Any reason why, in the opinion of the investigator, the patient should not participate

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Arm A; Chemo only (pegylated liposomal doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide)	Drug: Cyclophosphamide; Chemotherapy; Drug: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin; Chemotherapy
Experimental: Arm B; Chemo + ipilimumab + nivolumab	Drug: Cyclophosphamide; Chemotherapy; Drug: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin; Chemotherapy; Drug: Ipilimumab; Ipilimumab blocks CTLA-4 and may deplete regulatory T cells; Other Names: Yervoy; Drug: Nivolumab; Nivolumab blocks PD-1 and thereby enhances the effector phase of the immune reaction, by enabling T cells to kill tumor cells and engage effectively with other PD-L1 expressing targets.; Other Names: Opdivo

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Toxicity: CTCAE v4.0	Assessment of toxicity of combined treatment with ipilimumab, nivolumab, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (ipi/nivo/chemo)	3 years
Progression-free survival (PFS)	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo/chemo group compared to chemo only group: Progression-free survival (PFS); compare the PFS rates when 95% of patients in the control croup have PD	We expect to reach the data-driven time point for PFS-analysis (95% PFS in the control group) approximately 3 years after the study opens. If this is not met within 24 months after inclusion of the last patient, the PFS-analysis will be performed at this

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Duration of Response (DR)	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo/chemo group compared to chemo only group: duration of response (DR)	3 years
Overall Survival (OS)	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo/chemo group compared to chemo only group: overall survival (OS)	5 years
Duration of Response (DR) in cross-over arm	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo group: duration of response (DR)	3 years
Overall Suvival (OS) in cross-over arm	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo group: overall survival (OS)	5 years
Toxicity, cross-over arm, CTCAE v4.0	Assessment of toxicity of ipi/nivo (without chemotherapy) in cross-over arm	3 years
Objective tumor Response Rate (ORR)	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo/chemo group compared to chemo only group: Objective tumor response rate (ORR)	3 years
Durable tumor Response Rate (DRR)	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo/chemo group compared to chemo only group: durable tumor response rate (DRR; >6 months)	3 years
Objective tumor Response Rate (ORR) in cross-over arm	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo group: Objective tumor response rate (ORR)	3 years
Durable tumor Response Rate (DRR) in cross-over arm	Assessment of clinical response in ipi/nivo group: durable tumor response rate (DRR; >6 months)	3 years
Clinical Benefit Rate (CBR)	Proportion of patients with an objective tumor response or with stable disease lasting at least 6 months	3 years
Clinical Benefit Rate (CBR) in cross-over arm	Proportion of patients with an objective tumor response or with stable disease lasting at least 6 months	3 years
PD-L1 expression	Assessment of PD-L1 expression, mutation load and immune gene expression as biomarkers for clinical response	3 years
Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ)	Assessment of patient reported outcomes, as measured by the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ)	3 years
Pain intensity	Assessment of patient reported outcomes, as measured by an 11 point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain intensity	3 years
EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL	Assessment of patient reported outcomes, as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL	3 years
Biological response in molecular subtypes of breast cancer	Comparison of clinical and biological response in molecular subtypes of breast cancer	3 years

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Immunological response	Assessment of immunological response. In selected patients, the specificity of T-cell responses will be analysed. The analysis will be based neoantigen prediction and will be performed by multimer technology.	3 years
Biomarkers for clinical response	Identification of biomarkers for clinical response by use of gene profiling, pathology, cytokine assays and other analysis on material from study patients. The following predefined biomarkers will be compared between responders and non-responders: PD-L1 in biopsies, immune gene signature in biopsies. Further explorative investigations will be performed to identify new candidate biomarker signatures.	3 years
Biomarkers for toxicity	Identification of biomarkers for toxicity by use of gene profiling, pathology, cytokine assays and other analysis on material from study patients. The analysis is explorative and will be performed to identify new candidate biomarker signatures. The candidate signatures will be compared between patients with and without immune related adverse events.	3 years
Assessment of changes in the immunological milieu in tumor and peripheral blood	Considering each study arm separately, and by comparing arm A to arm B. The assessment will be performed by flow cytometry and CyTOF of immune cells, and by gene expression profiling of tumor biopsies. In periferal blood,the frequency of immune cell subsets will be determined and compared between baseline and later timepoints. In biopsies, gene expression profiles will be compared between baseline and later timepoints.	3 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Oslo University Hospital
• Collaborators: Bristol-Myers Squibb; Helse Stavanger HF; Sorlandet Hospital HF; Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain; Jules Bordet Institute; Helse Sor-Ost; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCLouvain Namur
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jon Amund Kyte, Oslo University Hospital

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kyte JA, Andresen NK, Russnes HG, Fretland SO, Falk RS, Lingjaerde OC, Naume B. ICON: a randomized phase IIb study evaluating immunogenic chemotherapy combined with ipilimumab and nivolumab in patients with metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer. J Transl Med. 2020 Jul 3;18(1):269. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02421-w.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 21, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 11, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): May 11, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 4, 2017
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 18, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): January 24, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 7, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 6, 2024
• Last Verified: February 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Neoplasms
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Skin Diseases; Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Enzyme Inhibitors; Antirheumatic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Immunosuppressive Agents; Immunologic Factors; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Alkylating Agents; Myeloablative Agonists; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Topoisomerase Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Cyclophosphamide; Nivolumab; Doxorubicin; Liposomal doxorubicin; Ipilimumab
• Other Study ID Numbers: ICON CA209-9FN

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No