Effectiveness of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy

Effectiveness of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy Compared to Wet-Dry Dressing in Pressure Injuries

This study aims to compare the effects of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy and wet-to-dry dressing on Stages 3 and 4 pressure injuries, and to investigate the consistency of Three-Dimensional Wound Measurement Device findings with Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing Tool scores. This study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 30 patients with Stages 3 and 4 pressure injuries were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: the experimental group or Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy group and the control or wet-to-dry dressing group. All patients received 3 rounds of treatment. Data were collected with a Patient Identification Form, Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing Tool and the findings of Three-Dimensional Wound Measurement Device. We found that granulation tissue formation was more significant in the experimental group (p < .05), and that there was more significant wound shrinkage (p < .05) with a more significant decrease in the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing Tool scores (p < .05). The wounds were assessed with the Tool and the Three-Dimensional Wound Measurement device. Device measurements were found to be correlated with Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing Tool Tool findings (p < .05) There was a significant correlation between device-measured granulation findings and PUSH Tool score results of the experimental group's third measurements (p < .05). We conclude that Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy is an effective treatment method for pressure injuries, and Three-Dimensional Wound Measurement device is an usable wound assessment tool.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pressure Ulcers Stage III; Pressure Ulcer, Stage IV
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy group; Other: contol group

Detailed Description

Pressure injuries are a major health problem in that they are difficult to treat, reduce the patients' quality of life, and increase length of hospital stay and overall health care costs. Furthermore, several possible wound healing complications, such as infections, can lead to mortality. That said, the prevalence of pressure injuries is an important indicator of quality in hospitals. Pressure injuries do not only impact health, but also cause social isolation and dependency, resulting in further psychological problems.

Our review of the literature revealed that the incidence of pressure ulcers varies between 0.4% and 38% in hospitalized patients, between 2.2 and 23.9% in intensive care units and between 0-17% in home care. NPUAP (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel) reports that the cost of treating pressure ulcers has been gradually increasing. It was estimated that treating pressure injuries costs around $11 billion annually in the United States alone. Treating a pressure ulcer can cost anywhere between $500 to $70,000, the most substantial fraction being nursing services. In the UK, it costs £1,064 to treat a Stage 1 pressure injury, and this number can reach £10,551 for more advanced ulcers. This illustrates the direct link between the stage of pressure injury and the cost of treatment. On average, it costs the UK healthcare system £1.4-2.1 billion annually to treat pressure ulcers.

There are many products and methods available for pressure ulcer treatment, but the most well-known and most commonly preferred method is wet-to-dry dressing. That said, researchers have tried and developed several novel methods for the treatment of pressure injuries including NPWT (Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy), hyperbaric oxygen therapy, ultrasonography, hydrotherapy, magnetic field therapy, ultraviolet rays, electrical stimulation, phototherapy and growth hormone application. Together with these non-invasive treatment methods, surgical intervention can also be a treatment option, especially for non-healing wounds. The European and US National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels' (EPUAP and NPUAP) guidelines recommend NPWT for deep-tissue pressure injuries, namely Stages 3 and 4, as a supportive tool for early-stage treatment. This method is based on applying negative pressure to promote wound healing. Several studies report that NPWT increases granulation tissue formation and reduces wound area. It is indicated that NPWT provides continuous and effective wound debridement in the wound area and increases blood supply to the wound.

Pressure injuries are among the most significant current health problems that are handled by a medical nurse. As the primary caregiver for the hospitalized patient, the nurse must prioritize preventing wound formation and eliminating any risk factors. If a pressure sore does form, the primary goal is to plan and implement appropriate care and nursing interventions in collaboration with the patient and their family to ensure proper wound healing .

It is the nurse's responsibility to keep up with scientific developments in patient care and try to integrate them into their work. PUSH is a tool that is used for monitoring pressure ulcers; however, it has yet to become a part of routine practice in Turkey. The Three-Dimensional Wound Management (3-DWM) device has been used in medical service since 2015, but with only a limited number of studies that evaluate its effectiveness. Currently, the wet-to-dry dressing method is the most commonly preferred treatment method for wound care in Turkish healthcare. There are indeed numerous studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of wet dressings in wound healing. Wet dressings provide the appropriate medium for the accumulation of patient's own body fluids between wound surface and dressing while preventing dehydration. This study aims to compare the effects of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) and wet-to-dry dressing on Stages 3 and 4 pressure injuries, and to investigate the consistency of 3-DWM device measurement findings with PUSH Tool scores.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 30
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 79 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• having class III or IV pressure ulcer
• being ≥18 years old,
• not having time/access constraints,
• voluntariness.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Stage I and Stage II pressure ulcers,
• cancer,
• increased risk of bleeding,
• osteomyelitis,
• corticosteroid treatment
• consciousness and
• contraindications of NPWT

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
• Masking: DOUBLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy group; NPWT was applied three times for Class III and pressure ulcers. An initial pre-treatment measurement was used as a baseline, followed by three post-treatment measurements after each round to evaluate wound healing. A total of four measurements were performed for each subject. Wound healing was measured using the PUSH Tool and the 3DWM device in both groups.	Device: Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy group; The wounds were initially evaluated for any necrotic findings and debrided if needed, and then washed with an antiseptic solution. 3-DWM was used to measure the pressure sores by taking pictures.The length and width of wounds were measured with disposable paper rulers. Wound depth was determined in centimeters with a sterile cotton-tip applicator by measuring against a ruler. The wound was closed using a Wound Care Kit that includes foam dressing, film drape, TRAC pad with tubing and a drainage canister. Foam material was placed inside the wound and was attached to the canister through tubing.The canister was attached to the Vacuum-Assisted Closure device, which is a portable device that applies intermittent or continuous negative pressure.The device was operated at 125 mmHg pressure for 5 minutes with and 2 minutes without active vacuum.Wound dressings were changed every 48 hours.Wound area was measured after all three rounds of treatment.
OTHER: CONTROL GROUP; wet to dry dressing group	Other: contol group; Wounds were finally covered with gauze dressing soaked with saline. Wounds were treated three times a day, and measurements were repeated every 48 hours. Every wound was measured a total of four times: one pre-treatment (baseline) and three post-treatment measurements.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Granulation tissue formation and wound shrinkage	Granulation tissue formation (%) and wound shrinkage (cm²) in experimental and control groups	8 week
PUSH tool and 3-DWM measurement findings	Wound area assessed by PUSH tool and wound area and granulation tissue assessed by 3-DWM device	8 week

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Istanbul Medipol University Hospital
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: EZGİ ARAYAN, Msc, BAŞKENT ÜNİVERSİTESİ İSTANBUL SAĞLIK UYGULAMA VE RAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ; Study Director: SELDA RIZALAR, Assoc.Prof., Istanbul Medipol Üniversitesi; Study Director: EMRE ÖZKER, Assoc.Prof., BAŞKENT ÜNİVERSİTESİ İSTANBUL SAĞLIK UYGULAMA VE RAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ersilia LA, Anagha K, Thomas EB, KAthryn MM, John SS, Karen KE, Paul JK, Christopher EA, Reliability of a novel 3D Wound Measurement Device, 2015
• Bills JD, Berriman SJ, Noble DL, Lavery LA, Davis KE. Pilot study to evaluate a novel three-dimensional wound measurement device. Int Wound J. 2016 Dec;13(6):1372-1377. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12534. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
• Moues CM, van den Bemd GJ, Heule F, Hovius SE. Comparing conventional gauze therapy to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomised trial. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;60(6):672-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.01.041. Epub 2006 Jun 22.
• Sinha K, Chauhan VD, Maheshwari R, Chauhan N, Rajan M, Agrawal A. Vacuum Assisted Closure Therapy versus Standard Wound Therapy for Open Musculoskeletal Injuries. Adv Orthop. 2013;2013:245940. doi: 10.1155/2013/245940. Epub 2013 Jun 26.

Helpful Links

• NPUAP (NationalPressureUlcerAdvisory Panel). "Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Quick Reference Guide".

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): October 13, 2016
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): April 30, 2017
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): April 30, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 28, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 13, 2020
• First Posted (ACTUAL): March 17, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): March 17, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 13, 2020
• Last Verified: February 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: wound care; vacuum assisted closure; Pressure injuries; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy; Wound Measurement
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Skin Diseases; Skin Ulcer; Ulcer; Pressure Ulcer
• Other Study ID Numbers: 20052020

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Plan Description: to publish the article
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: 2020
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: all academician and practicioners
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No