Immature Granulocyte [IG] Count and Percentage for Medical Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis ([IG])

Are the Changes in Immature Granulocyte Count and Percentage Significant in the Decision to Continue Medical Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis Cases

After appendectomy was first described by Mcburney in 1889, it has been the most practiced emergency surgery in the world with the lifetime incidence of acute appendicitis being 5%-25%. Most cases are uncomplicated cases without any complications and perforation (20%-30%). Although appendectomy is still a curative therapy, medical treatment has come to the fore in uncomplicated cases after improvements in imaging methods for diagnosing acute appendicitis and especially the developments in antibiotherapy.

Medical treatment for acute appendicitis is, in fact, not a new condition. Practicing the option of elective surgery following intravenous antibiotherapy for plastron appendicitis that is among the complicated acute appendicitis has lead to further consideration of medical treatment. A number of studies conducted for this purpose suggest that conservative treatment in uncomplicated acute appendicitis may be a first-line treatment. Medical treatment of the uncomplicated acute appendicitis prevents negative appendectomies, which indicates that surgical removal of non-inflamed appendix ranging from 6% to 20%. In addition to preventing unnecessary organ loss, it ensures eliminating postoperative complications such as intestinal obstruction and wound site complications due to surgery.

Immature granulocytes (IG) are monitored in peripheral blood as immature polymorphonuclear cells because of the activation of bone marrow. Although their counts can be determined through direct inspection, they can be provided with automated systems within complete blood count parameters as well as technological developments. The increase in their number specifically suggests the activation of the bone marrow and can provide information about the infectious process before leukocytosis is observed.

This study aimed to determine the importance of IG count and percentage to evaluate the role of medical treatment and control its success in cases of uncomplicated acute appendicitis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Medical Emergencies; Acute Appendicitis Without Peritonitis
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Cipro 400 MG in 200 ML Injection; Drug: Flagyl I.V. RTU; Procedure: appendectomy (open or laparascopic)

Detailed Description

After approval of local ethics committee (KSU Bioethics Committee, for the study with protocol number 179; dated June 19, 2019; session no. 2019/11; and decision no.: 4), the investigator's study was organized as a 1-year prospective randomized study. As a criterion for terminating the study, the expiration of 1 year or reaching the total number of patients obtained through power analysis. In the primary study endpoint, to detect a 20% difference with α = 5% and ß = 20%, a total sample size of 64 patients was reported to be necessary for achieving statistical significance.

Patients with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis over the age of 18 and treated by the same surgical team were prospectively registered to Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University General Surgery Clinic between July 2019 and April 2020. Acute appendicitis was diagnosed with history, physical examination results, laboratory results, and imaging methods (Ultrasonography or Computed Tomography (CT)). As per these results, patients with Alvarado Score 7 and above were diagnosed with acute appendicitis. Patients diagnosed with complicated acute appendicitis based on imaging methods (such as perforation, periappendicular abscess formation, and plastron formation), patients who are pregnant, patients who did not want to be included were excluded from the study. Patients were informed that there were medical treatment and surgical treatment options in uncomplicated acute appendicitis and written consent was obtained from patients. For randomization purposes, patients were given balls to draw. Using this ball drawing, patients were divided into two groups as those that would receive random medical treatment (Group M) and those that would undergo direct appendectomy (Group A) (Open appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy). Group M was divided into two subgroups as those who responded to medical treatment within 24 h of follow-up and those who failed medical treatment. The study was terminated as the total number of 64 patients was reached because of power analysis.

In Group A, after examining the patient in the emergency, the patient was urgently taken to operation to perform appendectomy (open or laparoscopic). A complete blood count and CRP were studied on patients within the first 24 h of the postoperative course. In Group M, oral intake was discontinued on admission of patients to the clinic and intravenous ciprofloxacin (200 mg; twice a day) and metronidazole (500 mg; three times a day), which were effective for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes, were started with fluid replacement. When the duration of nonsurgical follow-up is between 12 and 24 h, there is no increase in the perforation risk. Considerable complications can be encountered after 48 h (wound site infections, wound decomposition, and other complications). Therefore, because of increased risk of perforation and the likelihood of complications as a result, the response protocol for medical treatment was restricted to 24 h. During follow-up, vital signs of patients were verified every 6 h. At the 24th h of follow-up, the patients were asked for their complaints and physical examinations were performed. Control of complete blood count, CRP, and abdominal US were performed. At the 24th hour of the follow-up, Alvarado score was repeated to patients. Patients who had no regression in the clinic and laboratory results (with an Alvarado score ≥ 7 and who had an appendix unresponsive to medical treatment according to imaging methods (with no change in diameter or increased or developed complications) were considered to be unresponsive to conservative treatment and rescue appendectomy was performed. Patients with a regression in physical examination and laboratory results (with calculating Alvarado score <7) and those with an appendix that responded to medical treatment as per imaging methods (with reduced diameter or not monitored with US) were considered to have responded to conservative treatment; and oral intake was initiated without surgery. . They were discharged from the hospital with a prescription of 1-week oral antibiotic regimen (a combination of oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg and oral metronidazole 500 mg two times daily (morning and evening)). At the end of antibiotic therapy, patients were called for control.

WBC count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, IG count and IG% were measured using an automated hematological analyzer (XN 3000; Sysmex Corp., Kobe, Japan) and CRP levels were measured using an automated biochemical analyzer (Cobas C-702 module, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Sweden) from blood samples obtained at the initial admission to the emergency department and the 24th hour of the follow-up. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels were manually calculated. The IG fraction includes promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes but not band neutrophils or myeloblasts. Moreover, DNI (IG percentage-%) is the IG count to white blood cell ratio.

Statistical Evaluation: IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences for windows, Version 20.0 software package (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to evaluate statistical data. Therefore, 64 patients were required to achieve 80% power to detect a difference of 10% among IG count and percentage, the means using student t-test and repeated measures ANOVA at the 0. 05 significance level.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed for the suitability of patients for normal distribution. Based on their suitability for normal distribution, paired sample t test was used to evaluate intra-group measurements in numerical data, while student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used in inter-group evaluation. Repeated measurement ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were used to evaluate the relationship between subgroups and appendectomy group. Note that Chi square test and Fischer's exact test were used to evaluate the categorical data. Numerical data were given as median (minimum - maximum), and categorical data were indicated in numbers (n) and percentages (%). Statistically, p<0.05 values were considered to be significant.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 64

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, 46000
    • Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Clinically diagnosed uncomplicated acute appendisitis cases Uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases who accepted the study protocol Successfully medical treated acute appendicitis Operated uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases -

Exclusion Criteria:

Clinically diagnosed complicated acute appendisitis cases Uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases who do not accept the study protocol Patients with any type of malignancy (appendix or other organ) Patients with rheumatologic disease or blood diseases

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Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Only
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
Medical Treatment Group; Medical treatment group of uncomplicated acute appendisitis	Drug: Cipro 400 MG in 200 ML Injection; medical tratment group; Other Names: Medical treatment of acute appendicitis; Drug: Flagyl I.V. RTU; medical tratment group; Other Names: Medical treatment of acute appendicitis
Surgery; Operated group of uncomplicated acute appendisitis	Procedure: appendectomy (open or laparascopic); appendectomy (open or laparascopic); Other Names: Appendectomy

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Medical treatment success	Defining medical treatment success with immature granulocyte count (/mm3) comparing with appendectomy group's samples	Started with administration to the clinic and finished with the 24th hour of the follow up
Medical treatment success	Defining medical treatment success with immature granulocyte percentage (immature granulocyte count/total white blood cell count x100) comparing with appendectomy group's samples	Started with administration to the clinic and finished with the 24th hour of the follow up

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Medical treatment continue	Defining medical treatment success with immature granulocyte count (/mm3) comparing with appendectomy group's samples	Started with administration to the clinic and finished with the 24th hour of the follow up
Medical treatment continue	Defining medical treatment success with immature granulocyte percentage (immature granulocyte count/total white blood cell count x100) comparing with appendectomy group's samples	Started with administration to the clinic and finished with the 24th hour of the follow up
Medical treatment continue	Defining medical treatment success with ALVARADO Score comparing with appendectomy group's samples for continuing the medical treatment options	ALVARADO Score in the first administration to the clinic and the 24th hour of the follow up

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Unal Y, Barlas AM. Role of increased immature granulocyte percentage in the early prediction of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2019 Mar;25(2):177-182. doi: 10.14744/tjtes.2019.70679.
• Unal Y. A new and early marker in the diagnosis of acute complicated appendicitis: immature granulocytes. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2018 Sep;24(5):434-439. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2018.91661.
• Kirkil C, Yigit MV, Aygen E. Long-term results of nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated acute appendicitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;25(4):393-7. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2014.7192.
• Okus A, Ay S, Karahan O, Eryilmaz MA, Sevinc B, Aksoy N. Monitoring C-reactive protein levels during medical management of acute appendicitis to predict the need for surgery. Surg Today. 2015 Apr;45(4):451-6. doi: 10.1007/s00595-014-1099-6. Epub 2014 Dec 27.
• Salminen P, Tuominen R, Paajanen H, Rautio T, Nordstrom P, Aarnio M, Rantanen T, Hurme S, Mecklin JP, Sand J, Virtanen J, Jartti A, Gronroos JM. Five-Year Follow-up of Antibiotic Therapy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in the APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(12):1259-1265. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.13201. Erratum In: JAMA. 2018 Oct 23;320(16):1711.
• Becker P, Fichtner-Feigl S, Schilling D. Clinical Management of Appendicitis. Visc Med. 2018 Dec;34(6):453-458. doi: 10.1159/000494883. Epub 2018 Nov 24.
• Wojciechowicz KH, Hoffkamp HJ, van Hulst RA. Conservative treatment of acute appendicitis: an overview. Int Marit Health. 2010;62(4):265-72.
• Coccolini F, Fugazzola P, Sartelli M, Cicuttin E, Sibilla MG, Leandro G, De' Angelis GL, Gaiani F, Di Mario F, Tomasoni M, Catena F, Ansaloni L. Conservative treatment of acute appendicitis. Acta Biomed. 2018 Dec 17;89(9-S):119-134. doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7905.
• Karon BS, Tolan NV, Wockenfus AM, Block DR, Baumann NA, Bryant SC, Clements CM. Evaluation of lactate, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, procalcitonin and immature granulocyte count as biomarkers for sepsis in emergency department patients. Clin Biochem. 2017 Nov;50(16-17):956-958. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.05.014. Epub 2017 May 25.
• Nahm CH, Choi JW, Lee J. Delta neutrophil index in automated immature granulocyte counts for assessing disease severity of patients with sepsis. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2008 Summer;38(3):241-6.
• Park JS, Kim JS, Kim YJ, Kim WY. Utility of the immature granulocyte percentage for diagnosing acute appendicitis among clinically suspected appendicitis in adult. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018 Sep;32(7):e22458. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22458. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
• Kirkil C, Karabulut K, Aygen E, Ilhan YS, Yur M, Binnetoglu K, Bulbuller N. Appendicitis scores may be useful in reducing the costs of treatment for right lower quadrant pain. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2013 Jan;19(1):13-9. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2013.88714.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 27, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 7, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): July 8, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 17, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 13, 2023
• Last Verified: October 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Alvarado Scoring System; Uncomplicated Acute Appendisitis; Immature Granulocyte Count; Immature Granulocyte Percentage
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Digestive System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Infections; Peritoneal Diseases; Disease Attributes; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastroenteritis; Intestinal Diseases; Cecal Diseases; Intraabdominal Infections; Emergencies; Acute Disease; Appendicitis; Peritonitis; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antiparasitic Agents; Metronidazole
• Other Study ID Numbers: 179

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No