VETC, Prognostic and Predictive Value in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Adrenal Carcinoma

February 9, 2021 updated by: Salvatore Renne, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center

Vessels Encapsulating Tumor Clusters (VETC), Prognostic and Predictive Value in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Adrenal Gland Carcinoma

Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients and often epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is advocated as the basic mechanism. Recently Fang and colleagues described an EMT-independent process of metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): endothelium covers small cluster of tumor cells allowing tumor dissemination. This process of angiogenesis, named VETC (vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters) in HCC literature, has been described under different names in other cancer types. Furthermore, the investigators confirmed the negative impact of VETC on patients' prognosis on a large multicenter cohort of HCCs. Moreover, Fang et al demonstrated that patients affected by VETC-positive HCC benefit more from sorafenib therapy. Interestingly, this type of angiogenesis was also found in renal cell carcinoma, adrenal gland pheochromocytoma, thyroid follicular carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) and associated to prognosis. Moreover, the distinction between benign and malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland is a complex matter, being the established criteria still lacking a strong reproducibility.

Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are available for different cancer types; among them, HCC, RCC, ASPS, and TC may benefit from the so-called antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (aTKI) (such as sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib). A general (histotype-independent) validation of the prognostic role of VETC is missing. Moreover, inhibitors of tyrosine-kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-TKI), represent an effective treatment for different cancer types, but predictive markers are still needed. In addition, novel systemic immunotherapy agents are being approved in many cancer types, as alternative to angiogenesis inhibitors. A broader frame including metastatic mechanisms, tumor microenvironment (TME, i.e. angiogenesis and immune infiltrate) and treatment response could answer to several needs currently unmet. Bayesian networks and causal models can be employed to effectively draw conclusions from retrospective data.

The aim of the present study is to investigate in patients with RCC and adrenal carcinoma (AC) the VETC-expression on tumor tissue, correlating the results with clinical data, patients characteristics, and outcome.

Study Overview

Status

Recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Background and introduction

Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients and often epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is advocated as the basic mechanism, although some limitations have been identified [1,2] Recently Fang and colleagues described an EMT-independent process of metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): endothelium (highlighted by CD34 immunohistochemistry) covers small cluster of tumor cells allowing tumor dissemination [3]. This process of angiogenesis, named VETC (vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters) in HCC literature, has been described under different names in other cancer types [4]. Furthermore, the investigators confirmed the negative impact of VETC on patients' prognosis on a large multicenter cohort of HCCs [5]. Moreover, Fang et al demonstrated that patients affected by VETC-positive HCC benefit more from sorafenib therapy [6]. Interestingly, this type of angiogenesis was also found in renal cell carcinoma, adrenal gland pheochromocytoma, thyroid follicular carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) and associated to prognosis [7-10, 34,35]. Moreover, the distinction between benign and malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland is a complex matter, being the established criteria still lacking a strong reproducibility [36].

Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors are available for different cancer types; among them, HCC, RCC, ASPS, and TC may benefit from the so-called antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (aTKI) (such as sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib) [11-14].

Rationale of the study A general (histotype-independent) validation of the prognostic role of VETC is missing. Moreover, inhibitors of tyrosine-kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-TKI), represent an effective treatment for different cancer types, but predictive markers are still needed. Moreover, novel systemic immunotherapy agents are being approved in many cancer types, as alternative to angiogenesis inhibitors. A broader frame including metastatic mechanisms, tumor microenvironment (TME, i.e. angiogenesis and immune infiltrate) and treatment response could answer to several needs currently unmet. Bayesian networks and causal models can be employed to effectively draw conclusions from retrospective data.

Objectives of the study General objectives

  1. The systematic investigation of VETC in RCC and AC in order to depict the impact of this phenomenon.
  2. To explore the possible role of TME and in particular of VETC in predicting a more beneficial response to VEGFR-TKIs, providing a new tool in guiding the therapeutic choice.

Study Design The study is monocentric, observational, and it will be performed on clinical and histological data collected in the course of study.

For all series, clinical and epidemiological features will be recorded, all available histological slides will be reviewed and, on the primary tumor slides, histological characteristics will be re-assessed.

Whenever multiple samples of tumors would be present, those having the tumor-surrounding tissue interface will be selected and stained with CD34 antibody.

VETC will be evaluated independently by, at least, two pathologists, blinded to clinical data. VETC will be recorded as positive or negative, being VETC defined as CD34 unequivocal immunoreactivity of a continuous lining of endothelial cells around tumor clusters. VETC will be considered alternative to the common capillary pattern, consisting in small circular or linear blood vessels.

Statistical considerations The project plans to collect data of 100 of patients who underwent surgery for RCC at our institution between 2005 and 2007 for the evaluation of VETC impact on prognosis, and data of 60 patients who received sunitinib or pazopanib as first-line treatment for RCC at our center to explore if patients with VETC vascular phenotype would benefit more from the treatment with TKIs. Furthermore, the investigators will collect data of 20 patients who underwent surgery for AC at our Institution between 2000 and 2018.

Bayesian Analysis Directed acyclic graphs will be constructed with available scientific information; adjustment sets and conditional independencies will be calculated [15-17]. Prior predictive simulations, when relevant, will be deployed to regularize the prior and reduce overfitting. Continuous variables will be standardized to facilitate sampling. Models will be fit using Stan (a probabilistic programming language) and R [18,19]. Stan runs a No U-Turn sampler, an extension to Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampling, which is itself a form of Markov Chain Monte Carlo [20-22]. Four chains for 4000 iterations, or 8000 whenever the bulk effective sample size will be low, will be generated. The final 2000 (or 4000) iterations of each chain converge as indicated by post-modeling diagnostics such as the number of effective Gelman-Rubin R ̂.[23] A satisfactory posterior predictive model performance will be ensured before using sample means (for estimates) and sample quantiles (for compatibility intervals (CI)) [23,24]. CI will be calculated as 89% of the highest posterior density interval (HDPI) [23]. Whenever more clusters of data would be present, the investigators will use varying effects multilevel (hierarchical) models [25]. To limit divergent transitions, the investigators will reparameterize the models with a non-centered equivalent form [26] Predictive accuracy will be measured trough widely applicable information criteria (WAIC) [27].

Withdrawal of subjects Missing data will be treated modeling the missingness process. [28-29]

Forms and procedures for collecting data and data managing To each subject will be assigned a sequential identification number. For each subject data will be collected in a case report form (CRF). CRF will include SIN, name, sex, date of birth, date of primary surgery, side , size, histotype, relevant grading, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion , R , stage, date of TKI therapy, date of disease progression, prognostic scores (IMDC score [30], MSKCC score [31]), Karnofsky score [32], first-last line data (type, dates of beginning and end, best response, progression date), last follow-up status, last contact, death, VETC. All data will be registered in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet format. Data are collected by the data manager and database base will be locked with a password. Spaces will be filled with "NA" whenever a characteristic was not explored or an item is not applicable to the individual case.

For AC, CRF will include SIN, name, sex, date of birth, date of primary surgery, side, size, and prognostic criteria for malignancy based on Weiss Classification mod [33].

Ethical considerations Patient protection The responsible investigator will ensure that this study will be conducted in agreement with either the Declaration of Helsinki (Tokyo, Venice, Hong Kong and Somerset West amendments) or the laws and regulations of the country.

The protocol has been written, and the study will be conducted according to the institutional (ICH) Guideline for Good Clinical Practice The protocol and its annexes were subject to review and approval by the competent Independent Ethics Committee(s) ("IEC").

Subject identification - Personal Data protection All records identifying the subject must be kept confidential and, to the extent permitted by the applicable laws and/or regulations, not be made publicly available. The name of the patient will not be asked for nor recorded at the Data Center. A sequential identification number will be automatically attributed to each patient registered in the study. This number will identify the patient and must be included on all case report forms. In order to avoid identification errors, patient initials and date of birth will also be reported on the case report forms.

Any and all patient information or documentation pertaining to a clinical trial, to the extent permitting, through a "key" kept anywhere, regardless of whether such key is supplied along with the information or documentation or not, must be considered as containing sensitive personal data of the patient, and is therefore subjected to the provisions of applicable data protection ("privacy") regulations. Breach of such regulations may result in administrative or even criminal sanctions.

Patient information or documentation may be considered "anonymous", and as such not subject to privacy regulations, only when no key whatsoever, permitting the identification of the patient, is any longer available.

Informed consent All patients will be informed of the aims of the study. They will be informed as to the strict confidentiality of their patient data, but that their medical records may be reviewed for study purposes by authorized individuals other than their treating physician.It will be emphasized that the participation is voluntary and that the patient is allowed to refuse further participation in the protocol whenever he/she wants. This will not prejudice the patient's subsequent care. Documented informed consent must be obtained for all patients included in the study before they are registered at the Data Center. This must be done in accordance with the national and local regulatory requirements. For European Union member states, the informed consent procedure must conform to the ICH guidelines on Good Clinical Practice. This implies that "the written informed consent form should be signed and personally dated by the patient or by the patient's legally acceptable representative".

Conflict of Interest Any investigator and/or research staff member who has a conflict of interest with this study (such as patent ownership, royalties, or financial gain greater than the minimum allowable by their institution) must fully disclose the nature of the conflict of interest.

Data ownership According to the ICH Guidelines on Good Clinical Practice the sponsor of a study (the Institution, should the investigator or study coordinators act as sponsor in the performance of her/his institutional duties under the employment or collaboration agreement with Humanitas) is the owner of the data resulting therefrom. All centers and investigators participating in the study should be made aware of such circumstance and invited not to disseminate information or data without the Institution's prior express consent.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Anticipated)

180

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Italy
    • MI
      • Rozzano, MI, Italy, 20089

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

In order to evaluate VETC effects on prognosis, this study will include series of patients who underwent surgery at our institution for RCC (from 2005 to 2007) and for adrenal carcinoma (2000-2018). Moreover, to investigate the possible role of TME, in particular of VETC, in predicting TKIs benefit, this study will consider series of RCC, selected from a prospectively maintained database of patients treated with first line TKIs at our center.

Estimated sample size: 160 patients for RCC and 20 patients for AC.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Histological diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma;
  2. Histological diagnosis of Carcinoma of the adrenal gland;
  3. Availability of histological material;
  4. For the evaluation of the prognostic role: no systemic treatment with TKI administered before surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Unavailable histological material;
  2. For RCC: histological diagnosis different from Clear Cell histotype.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Observational Models: Cohort
  • Time Perspectives: Retrospective

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

For all series, clinical and epidemiological features will be recorded, all available histological slides will be reviewed and, on the primary tumor slides, histological characteristics will be re-assessed.

Whenever multiple samples of tumors would be present, those having the tumor-surrounding tissue interface will be selected and stained with CD34 antibody.

VETC will be evaluated independently by, at least, two pathologists, blinded to clinical data. VETC will be recorded as positive or negative, being VETC defined as CD34 unequivocal immunoreactivity of a continuous lining of endothelial cells around tumor clusters. VETC will be considered alternative to the common capillary pattern, consisting in small circular or linear blood vessels.
Other: VETC evaluation
We will evaluate VETC presence on tissue specimens
Other Names:
  • Tumor vasculature evaluation
Adrenal carcinoma
see (RCC)
Other: VETC evaluation
We will evaluate VETC presence on tissue specimens
Other Names:
  • Tumor vasculature evaluation

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
VETC in RCC and AC.
Time Frame: 2-3 months
To identify the expression of VETC in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Adrenal Carcinoma.
2-3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Predictive VETC (OS)
Time Frame: 2-3 months
Treatment specific Overall Survival
2-3 months
Predictive VETC (PFS)
Time Frame: 2-3 months
Treatment specific Progression Free Survival
2-3 months
Predictive VETC (control)
Time Frame: 2-3 months
Treatment specific Disease Control Rate
2-3 months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Humanitas Clinical and Research Center

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Salvatore L Renne, MD, Humanitas Clinical and Reseach Hospital

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 2, 2021

Primary Completion (Anticipated)

February 1, 2021

Study Completion (Anticipated)

May 1, 2021

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

November 30, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 7, 2020

First Posted (Actual)

December 14, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 12, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 9, 2021

Last Verified

February 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • Predictive VETC

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

Yes

IPD Plan Description

Custom code and data will be uploaded during the study in a github repository

IPD Sharing Time Frame

as soon as the data are uploaded they will be public indefinitely

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

public

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • Study Protocol
  • Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
  • Informed Consent Form (ICF)
  • Clinical Study Report (CSR)
  • Analytic Code

Study Data/Documents

  1. This will be the repository containing Individual Participant Data, Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, Informed Consent Form, Clinical Study Report, Analytic Code of the VETC predictive Study

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

Yes

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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