Acu-TENS to Improve the Sleep Quality in People With Stroke

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Over Acupoints (Acu-TENS) for Improving Sleep Quality, Cognitive Function, Motor Function and in Post-stroke Patients

Post-stroke sleep disorder and motor/cognitive dysfunction are common complications that affect the quality of life of older patients. The proposed study investigates the effects of an acupuncture-like method applied to six bilateral acupoints on sleep quality, motor function and cognition in older adults with chronic stroke. The study will be a single-blind (i.e., only patients will be blinded about the research purpose) randomized controlled trial (i.e., patients receiving the treatment is chosen at random) with a pre-mid-post follow-up design and involve two parallel groups of post-stroke survivors (aged > 55 years) diagnosed with insomnia. Participants will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 radio to two independent groups, i.e., a treatment group or placebo group, namely a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation placed on acupoints (Acu-TENS) or a placebo group. The Acu-TENS group will receive a 6-week treatment that includes a 30-minute Acu-TENS + sleep hygiene program (SHP) twice a week. The placebo group will receive sham Acu-TENS (i.e., devices with the electrical circuit disconnected) + SHP with the same frequency as the Acu-TENS group. The selected acupoints will be bilateral Hegu (LI4), Quchi (LI11), Neiguan (PC6), Shenmen (HT7) on the arm and Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Zusanli (ST36) on the lower limb. The study's primary outcomes will be sleep quality measured by the device of ActiGraph and the self-report survey. The secondary outcomes will be motor function, measured by physical performance tests, cognition, measured by computer battery, and quality of life, measured by the self-report survey. All outcomes will be measured at the baseline assessment (before the treatment), mid-term assessment (after the three weeks treatment), post-treatment assessment (after the six-week treatment), and follow-up assessment (two weeks after the treatment ended). It is hypothesized that the Acu-TENS + SHP treatment will better alleviate insomnia, improve cognition and motor function in participants than the sham Acu-TENS + SHP treatment.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Stroke; Sleep Quality; acuTENS
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Acu-TENS; Other: SHP; Device: Sham Acu-TENS

Detailed Description

The proposed study investigates the effects of non-invasive acupuncture techniques (i.e. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at acupoints; Acu-TENS) applied to six selected bilateral acupoints on sleep quality, motor function and cognition in older adult participants with chronic stroke. This proposed project aims to investigate the effectiveness of Acu-TENS + sleep hygiene program (SHP), compare with placebo-stimulation +SHP on sleep quality, motor function and cognition, and quality of life of older adults with chronic stroke.

Impact:

1. Practical significance: The proposed clinical-based randomized controlled trial will rigorously investigate the effects of Acu-TENS applied to selected acupoints on sleep quality, motor function, cognition, and quality of life in older adults with chronic stroke. The results of this study will shed light on the effectiveness of this non-invasive acupuncture treatment for treating insomnia and improving motor and cognition function in older adults with chronic stroke. This will help healthcare professionals treat this highly prevalent disorder for which effective treatments are currently lacking.
2. Scientific significance: The proposed study will be the first to investigate the effects of Acu-TENS on elderly patients with post-stroke insomnia. The objective measures used in the rigorously designed study will generate high-quality data and produce rigorous results.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 70
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Shamay Ng, PhD; Phone Number: 27664889; Email: Shamay.Ng@polyu.edu.hk

Study Locations

• Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    • Not yet recruiting
    • The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
    • Contact: Shamay Ng, PhD; Phone Number: 27664889; Email: Shamay.Ng@polyu.edu.hk
    • Principal Investigator: Shamay SM Ng, PhD
  • Hong Kong, Hong Kong
    • Recruiting
    • The Hongkong Polytechnic University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 53 years to 83 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• aged between 55 and 85 yrs;
• diagnosed with stroke by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic scan longer than one year;
• able to walk 6-m independently;
• scored ≥18 but less or equal than 27 in mini-mental state examination (MMSE);
• self-reported poor sleep quality (PSQI, scores ≥ 6) in the past four weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

• have a cardiac pacemaker;
• have a severe disease that precludes the receipt of Acu-TENS;
• are taking medication that may affect measured outcomes;
• have skin lesions, infection, or inflammation near selected acupoints;
• are participating in other drug/treatment programs.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Acu-TENS+SHP; The 120z Dual-Channel TENS Unit (ECS300A; Neurotrac, Verity Medical LTD, Ireland) will be used to stimulate the selected acupoints. The electrode will be placed over the acupoints and connected to the TENS stimulator. The stimulation frequency will be set at 100 Hz with a pulse width of 0.2 ms. Participants will also receive a set of instructions relating to SHP. SHP is a set of instructions designed to help with sleep and promote healthy sleeping habits. Participants will be instructed to read the guide after the baseline assessment (T0).	Device: Acu-TENS; A dual-channel TENS stimulator will be used (ECS300A; Neurotrac, Verity Medical LTD, Ireland). Electrodes will be placed over selected acupoints (i.e., bilateral Sanyinjiao (SP6), Neiguan (PC6), Shenmen (HT7), Hegu (LI4), Zusanli (ST36) and Quchi (LI11)) and connected to the TENS stimulator. These acupoints are selected according to the traditional Chinese medicine and results of previous studies. The stimulation will be lasted 30-min for each session. The frequency of the stimulation parameter's waveform will be set to 100 Hz and the square pulses will be set to 0.2-ms. The intensity of the stimulation will be below motor threshold and lower than the intolerable level, and hence, participants will feel a pleasant and mild aching sensation.; Other: SHP; SHP is a set of instructions designed to help with sleep and promote healthy sleeping habits. The sleep guide contains information on how much sleep is needed by every individual daily, factors that could affect sleep, and risk factors for sleep disorders. It also contains information on the types of sleep disorders, delayed sleep syndrome, insomnia-producing behavior that could affect sleep quality, and suggestions for inducing sleep. The participants will be instructed to read the guide after the baseline assessment (T0). Those instructions will be reinforced by the research practitioner after each treatment session, in order to maintain the healthy sleeping habits.
Sham Comparator: Sham Acu-TENS+SHP; Participants will receive similar treatment as Acu-TENS groups via identical-looking TENS devices with the electrical circuit disconnected.Participants will also receive a set of instructions relating to SHP. SHP is a set of instructions designed to help with sleep and promote healthy sleeping habits. Participants will be instructed to read the guide after the baseline assessment (T0).	Other: SHP; SHP is a set of instructions designed to help with sleep and promote healthy sleeping habits. The sleep guide contains information on how much sleep is needed by every individual daily, factors that could affect sleep, and risk factors for sleep disorders. It also contains information on the types of sleep disorders, delayed sleep syndrome, insomnia-producing behavior that could affect sleep quality, and suggestions for inducing sleep. The participants will be instructed to read the guide after the baseline assessment (T0). Those instructions will be reinforced by the research practitioner after each treatment session, in order to maintain the healthy sleeping habits.; Device: Sham Acu-TENS; A dual-channel TENS stimulator will be used (ITO Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Electrodes will be placed over selected acupoints (i.e., bilateral Sanyinjiao (SP6), Neiguan (PC6), Shenmen (HT7), Hegu (LI4), Zusanli (ST36) and Quchi (LI11)) and connected to the TENS stimulator. These acupoints are selected according to the traditional Chinese medicine and results of previous studies. The stimulation will be lasted 30-min for each session. The frequency of the stimulation parameter's waveform will be set to 100 Hz and the square pulses will be set to 0.2-ms. The intensity of the stimulation will be below motor threshold and lower than the intolerable level, and hence, participants will feel a pleasant and mild aching sensation.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	The subjective sleep quality will be assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. It has been used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate sleep quality and screen for sleep disturbances. The scores ranges from 0 to 21. A higher score means a lower sleep quality, with a score ≥ 6 as the cut-off value for poor sleep quality. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T0, baseline
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	The subjective sleep quality will be assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. It has been used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate sleep quality and screen for sleep disturbances. The scores ranges from 0 to 21. A higher score means a lower sleep quality, with a score ≥ 6 as the cut-off value for poor sleep quality. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T1, mid (2th week)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	The subjective sleep quality will be assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. It has been used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate sleep quality and screen for sleep disturbances. The scores ranges from 0 to 21. A higher score means a lower sleep quality, with a score ≥ 6 as the cut-off value for poor sleep quality. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T2, post (4th week)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	The subjective sleep quality will be assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. It has been used in both research and clinical settings to evaluate sleep quality and screen for sleep disturbances. The scores ranges from 0 to 21. A higher score means a lower sleep quality, with a score ≥ 6 as the cut-off value for poor sleep quality. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Total sleep time	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' total sleep time (total time asleep from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T0, baseline
Total sleep time	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' total sleep time (total time asleep from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T2, post (4th week)
Total sleep time	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' total sleep time (total time asleep from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Sleep efficiency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' sleep efficiency (percentage of total time in bed trying to sleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T0, baseline
Sleep efficiency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' sleep efficiency (percentage of total time in bed trying to sleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T2, post (4th week)
Sleep efficiency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants' sleep efficiency (percentage of total time in bed trying to sleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Sleep onset latency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'sleep onset latency (time to fall asleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T0, baseline
Sleep onset latency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'sleep onset latency (time to fall asleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T2, post (4th week)
Sleep onset latency	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'sleep onset latency (time to fall asleep). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Time awake after sleep onset	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'time awake after sleep onset (total time awake from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T0, baseline
Time awake after sleep onset	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'time awake after sleep onset (total time awake from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T2, post (4th week)
Time awake after sleep onset	Actigraphy (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, or equivalent device) will be used to measure participants'time awake after sleep onset (total time awake from sleep onset to waking). Actigraphy is a non-invasive technique that involves the use of a wearable device to objectively measure sleep in terms of ambulation. Thus, actigraphic sleep metrics are based on the principle that sleep is characterized by the relative absence of movement. Participants will be instructed to wear an actigraphy device on one of their legs and press the event-marker to record bedtimes and rise time for three consecutive days at each assessment point (i.e., T0, T2, T3). The validity of this assessment was confirmed in previous research.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Insomnia severity index (ISI)	The subjective perception of the severity of insomnia will be assessed by Insomnia severity index. It comprises seven items measuring the severity of sleep-onset and sleep maintenance difficulties (both nocturnal and early-morning awakenings), satisfaction with the current sleep pattern, the adverse effects of insomnia on daily functioning, noticeability of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and degree of distress or concern caused by the sleep problem. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 4, and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. A higher score represents more severe insomnia. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T0, baseline
Insomnia severity index (ISI)	The subjective perception of the severity of insomnia will be assessed by Insomnia severity index. It comprises seven items measuring the severity of sleep-onset and sleep maintenance difficulties (both nocturnal and early-morning awakenings), satisfaction with the current sleep pattern, the adverse effects of insomnia on daily functioning, noticeability of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and degree of distress or concern caused by the sleep problem. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 4, and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. A higher score represents more severe insomnia. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T1, mid (2th week)
Insomnia severity index (ISI)	The subjective perception of the severity of insomnia will be assessed by Insomnia severity index. It comprises seven items measuring the severity of sleep-onset and sleep maintenance difficulties (both nocturnal and early-morning awakenings), satisfaction with the current sleep pattern, the adverse effects of insomnia on daily functioning, noticeability of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and degree of distress or concern caused by the sleep problem. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 4, and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. A higher score represents more severe insomnia. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T2, post (4th week)
Insomnia severity index (ISI)	The subjective perception of the severity of insomnia will be assessed by Insomnia severity index. It comprises seven items measuring the severity of sleep-onset and sleep maintenance difficulties (both nocturnal and early-morning awakenings), satisfaction with the current sleep pattern, the adverse effects of insomnia on daily functioning, noticeability of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and degree of distress or concern caused by the sleep problem. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 4, and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. A higher score represents more severe insomnia. The Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T3, follow-up(6th week)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Stroop Color and Word Test	The ability to inhibit cognitive interference will be measured by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Stroop Test consists of 3 subtasks. The first subtask shows color dots (green, blue, yellow, red) in random order. The second subtask shows the words (green, blue, red, yellow) in random order. The third task showed color words (green, blue, red, yellow) printed in a different ink color (i.e., the word blue printed in yellow ink). Participants are required to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible within 45 s in each task. The completion time and number of error is recorded in each task. The interference ratio of will be calculated as the completion time of the third task/the completion time of the first task. A higher interference score indicated poorer interference control.	T0, baseline
Stroop Color and Word Test	The ability to inhibit cognitive interference will be measured by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Stroop Test consists of 3 subtasks. The first subtask shows color dots (green, blue, yellow, red) in random order. The second subtask shows the words (green, blue, red, yellow) in random order. The third task showed color words (green, blue, red, yellow) printed in a different ink color (i.e., the word blue printed in yellow ink). Participants are required to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible within 45 s in each task. The completion time and number of error is recorded in each task. The interference ratio of will be calculated as the completion time of the third task/the completion time of the first task. A higher interference score indicated poorer interference control.	T1, mid (2th week)
Stroop Color and Word Test	The ability to inhibit cognitive interference will be measured by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Stroop Test consists of 3 subtasks. The first subtask shows color dots (green, blue, yellow, red) in random order. The second subtask shows the words (green, blue, red, yellow) in random order. The third task showed color words (green, blue, red, yellow) printed in a different ink color (i.e., the word blue printed in yellow ink). Participants are required to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible within 45 s in each task. The completion time and number of error is recorded in each task. The interference ratio of will be calculated as the completion time of the third task/the completion time of the first task. A higher interference score indicated poorer interference control.	T2, post (4th week)
Stroop Color and Word Test	The ability to inhibit cognitive interference will be measured by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Stroop Test consists of 3 subtasks. The first subtask shows color dots (green, blue, yellow, red) in random order. The second subtask shows the words (green, blue, red, yellow) in random order. The third task showed color words (green, blue, red, yellow) printed in a different ink color (i.e., the word blue printed in yellow ink). Participants are required to name the color of the ink as quickly as possible within 45 s in each task. The completion time and number of error is recorded in each task. The interference ratio of will be calculated as the completion time of the third task/the completion time of the first task. A higher interference score indicated poorer interference control.	T3, follow-up(6th week)
Trail making test	The attention and cognitive flexibility will be assessed by trial making test. The test is divided into two parts: A and B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The participants should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L); the participants should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). The test will be timed with a shorter time indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability is good in stroke patients (ICC; 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively)	T0, baseline
Trail making test	The attention and cognitive flexibility will be assessed by trial making test. The test is divided into two parts: A and B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The participants should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L); the participants should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). The test will be timed with a shorter time indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability is good in stroke patients (ICC; 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively)	T1, mid (2th week)
Trail making test	The attention and cognitive flexibility will be assessed by trial making test. The test is divided into two parts: A and B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The participants should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L); the participants should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). The test will be timed with a shorter time indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability is good in stroke patients (ICC; 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively)	T2, post (4th week)
Trail making test	The attention and cognitive flexibility will be assessed by trial making test. The test is divided into two parts: A and B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The participants should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L); the participants should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). The test will be timed with a shorter time indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability is good in stroke patients (ICC; 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively)	T3, follow-up (6th week)
10-m walk test	The functional mobility will be assessed by the 10-m walk test. Participants will be instructed to walk without assistance for a 10-m distance in a solid flooring with a clear pathway. A mark at 2-m and 8-m will be placed. A stopwatch will be timed central 6-m to assess participants' acceleration and deceleration. It has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T0, baseline
10-m walk test	The functional mobility will be assessed by the 10-m walk test. Participants will be instructed to walk without assistance for a 10-m distance in a solid flooring with a clear pathway. A mark at 2-m and 8-m will be placed. A stopwatch will be timed central 6-m to assess participants' acceleration and deceleration. It has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T1, mid (2th week)
10-m walk test	The functional mobility will be assessed by the 10-m walk test. Participants will be instructed to walk without assistance for a 10-m distance in a solid flooring with a clear pathway. A mark at 2-m and 8-m will be placed. A stopwatch will be timed central 6-m to assess participants' acceleration and deceleration. It has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T2, post (4th week)
10-m walk test	The functional mobility will be assessed by the 10-m walk test. Participants will be instructed to walk without assistance for a 10-m distance in a solid flooring with a clear pathway. A mark at 2-m and 8-m will be placed. A stopwatch will be timed central 6-m to assess participants' acceleration and deceleration. It has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Time up and go test	The walking mobility will be assessed by the Time up and go test. During the test, participants will be instructed to stand up from the chair, walk forward for 3-meter, turn around 180 degrees, walk back, and sit on the chair. The time taken to complete this task will be measured via stopwatch. The test has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T0, baseline
Time up and go test	The walking mobility will be assessed by the Time up and go test. During the test, participants will be instructed to stand up from the chair, walk forward for 3-meter, turn around 180 degrees, walk back, and sit on the chair. The time taken to complete this task will be measured via stopwatch. The test has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T1, mid (2th week)
Time up and go test	The walking mobility will be assessed by the Time up and go test. During the test, participants will be instructed to stand up from the chair, walk forward for 3-meter, turn around 180 degrees, walk back, and sit on the chair. The time taken to complete this task will be measured via stopwatch. The test has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T2, post (4th week)
Time up and go test	The walking mobility will be assessed by the Time up and go test. During the test, participants will be instructed to stand up from the chair, walk forward for 3-meter, turn around 180 degrees, walk back, and sit on the chair. The time taken to complete this task will be measured via stopwatch. The test has shown good test-retested reliability in stroke patients.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Lower limb muscle strength	The lower limb muscle strength of affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors will be assessed by the hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Hand-held Dynamometer Model 1165A, Lafayette Instrument Evaluation, Lafayette, Indiana, USA). The subjects will be asked to perform in the supine position. The hand-held dynamometer was positioned anteriorly or posteriorly over the heads of the first to fifth metatarsal bones to measure the strength of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, respectively. Subjects were placed in the supine position and asked to perform the MIVC for 3 s. Each muscle group was tested twice by the same rater, with at least 30 s of rest between the two trials to reduce the effects of fatigue. The averages of the MIVC in kilograms were used in statistical analysis. The dynamometer used in the trials was shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability in community-dwelling older adults.	T0, baseline
Lower limb muscle strength	The lower limb muscle strength of affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors will be assessed by the hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Hand-held Dynamometer Model 1165A, Lafayette Instrument Evaluation, Lafayette, Indiana, USA). The subjects will be asked to perform in the supine position. The hand-held dynamometer was positioned anteriorly or posteriorly over the heads of the first to fifth metatarsal bones to measure the strength of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, respectively. Subjects were placed in the supine position and asked to perform the MIVC for 3 s. Each muscle group was tested twice by the same rater, with at least 30 s of rest between the two trials to reduce the effects of fatigue. The averages of the MIVC in kilograms were used in statistical analysis. The dynamometer used in the trials was shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability in community-dwelling older adults.	T1, mid (2th week)
Lower limb muscle strength	The lower limb muscle strength of affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors will be assessed by the hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Hand-held Dynamometer Model 1165A, Lafayette Instrument Evaluation, Lafayette, Indiana, USA). The subjects will be asked to perform in the supine position. The hand-held dynamometer was positioned anteriorly or posteriorly over the heads of the first to fifth metatarsal bones to measure the strength of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, respectively. Subjects were placed in the supine position and asked to perform the MIVC for 3 s. Each muscle group was tested twice by the same rater, with at least 30 s of rest between the two trials to reduce the effects of fatigue. The averages of the MIVC in kilograms were used in statistical analysis. The dynamometer used in the trials was shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability in community-dwelling older adults.	T2, post (4th week)
Lower limb muscle strength	The lower limb muscle strength of affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors will be assessed by the hand-held dynamometer (Lafayette Hand-held Dynamometer Model 1165A, Lafayette Instrument Evaluation, Lafayette, Indiana, USA). The subjects will be asked to perform in the supine position. The hand-held dynamometer was positioned anteriorly or posteriorly over the heads of the first to fifth metatarsal bones to measure the strength of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, respectively. Subjects were placed in the supine position and asked to perform the MIVC for 3 s. Each muscle group was tested twice by the same rater, with at least 30 s of rest between the two trials to reduce the effects of fatigue. The averages of the MIVC in kilograms were used in statistical analysis. The dynamometer used in the trials was shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability in community-dwelling older adults.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
The Fatigue Assessment Scale	The general fatigue will be assessed by The Fatigue Assessment Scale. It is a 10-item survey, of which 5 items assess physical fatigue and the remaining 5 items assess mental fatigue. The total score ranges from 10 to 50, and a total score ≥ 22 indicates fatigue. The translated Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T0, baseline
The Fatigue Assessment Scale	The general fatigue will be assessed by The Fatigue Assessment Scale. It is a 10-item survey, of which 5 items assess physical fatigue and the remaining 5 items assess mental fatigue. The total score ranges from 10 to 50, and a total score ≥ 22 indicates fatigue. The translated Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T1, mid (2th week)
The Fatigue Assessment Scale	The general fatigue will be assessed by The Fatigue Assessment Scale. It is a 10-item survey, of which 5 items assess physical fatigue and the remaining 5 items assess mental fatigue. The total score ranges from 10 to 50, and a total score ≥ 22 indicates fatigue. The translated Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T2, post (4th week)
The Fatigue Assessment Scale	The general fatigue will be assessed by The Fatigue Assessment Scale. It is a 10-item survey, of which 5 items assess physical fatigue and the remaining 5 items assess mental fatigue. The total score ranges from 10 to 50, and a total score ≥ 22 indicates fatigue. The translated Chinese version will be used in the proposed study.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	Participants' mood will be measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, a 21-item survey that assesses depression, anxiety, and stress. Each index (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) comprises seven items. The scores ranges from 0 to 42. Higher score indicates more sever symptom. The reliability of this scale was confirmed in previous research.	T0, baseline
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	Participants' mood will be measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, a 21-item survey that assesses depression, anxiety, and stress. Each index (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) comprises seven items. The scores ranges from 0 to 42. Higher score indicates more sever symptom. The reliability of this scale was confirmed in previous research.	T1, mid (2th week)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	Participants' mood will be measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, a 21-item survey that assesses depression, anxiety, and stress. Each index (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) comprises seven items. The scores ranges from 0 to 42. Higher score indicates more sever symptom. The reliability of this scale was confirmed in previous research.	T2, post (4th week)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	Participants' mood will be measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, a 21-item survey that assesses depression, anxiety, and stress. Each index (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) comprises seven items. The scores ranges from 0 to 42. Higher score indicates more sever symptom. The reliability of this scale was confirmed in previous research.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Natural Oscillation Frequency	The Natural Oscillation Frequency will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T0, baseline
Natural Oscillation Frequency	The Natural Oscillation Frequency will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T1, mid (2th week)
Natural Oscillation Frequency	The Natural Oscillation Frequency will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T2, post (4th week)
Natural Oscillation Frequency	The Natural Oscillation Frequency will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Health-related Quality of Life	The Health-related Quality of Life will be assessed by the 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12). This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better QoL.	T0, baseline
Health-related Quality of Life	The Health-related Quality of Life will be assessed by the 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12). This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better QoL.	T1, mid (2th week)
Health-related Quality of Life	The Health-related Quality of Life will be assessed by the 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12). This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better QoL.	T2, post (4th week)
Health-related Quality of Life	The Health-related Quality of Life will be assessed by the 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12). This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better QoL.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Dynamic Stiffness	The Dynamic Stiffness will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T0, baseline
Dynamic Stiffness	The Dynamic Stiffness will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T1, mid (2th week)
Dynamic Stiffness	The Dynamic Stiffness will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T2, post (4th week)
Dynamic Stiffness	The Dynamic Stiffness will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation	The Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T0, baseline
Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation	The Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T1, mid (2th week)
Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation	The Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T2, post (4th week)
Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation	The Logarithmic Decrement of natural oscillation will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time	The Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T0, baseline
Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time	The Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T1, mid (2th week)
Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time	The Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T2, post (4th week)
Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time	The Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T3, follow-up (6th week)
The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time	The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T0, baseline
The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time	The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T1, mid (2th week)
The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time	The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T2, post (4th week)
The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time	The Ratio of deformation and Relaxation time will be used to assess the muscle stiffness. The muscle stiffness of the affected and unaffected lower limb will be assessed by a hand-held digit palpation device, MyotoPRO (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The subject will be asked to perform in the sitting position with hip flexion 90°, knee flexion 90°. The standard probe was placed perpendicularly to the skin's surface of the affected and unaffected tibial anterior and medial gastrocnemius directly. An initial force was exerted; then, an additional mechanical force was applied to the subcutaneous tissue for 15 milliseconds, which induced muscle deformation. The resultant damped natural oscillations caused by the viscoelastic properties of the soft tissue were recorded using a built-in accelerometer at a sampling rate of 3200 Hz.	T3, follow-up (6th week)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 1, 2022
• Primary Completion (Estimated): March 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Estimated): March 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 7, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 12, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): November 21, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): September 22, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 20, 2023
• Last Verified: September 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Stroke
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2022ShamayAcu-tens_Stroke

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No