Effectiveness of Augmented Reality and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Experimentální: rTMS and AR group

Ten participants in group A will undergo repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (real, 1 Hz, 15 minutes), follow by a session of augmented reality exercise (45 minutes), 3 days per week for 4 weeks.

Behaviorální: rTMS and AR

rTMS performs 1Hz,15 minutes real rTMS. AR intervention contains weight-shift exercise, strengthening of lower limb and balance training for 45 minutes.

Aktivní komparátor: Sham rTMS and AR group

Ten participants in group B will receive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (sham,1 Hz, 15 minutes), follow by a session of augmented reality exercise (45 minutes), 3 days per week for 4 weeks.

Behaviorální: Sham rTMS and AR

Sham rTMS applies 1Hz, 15 minutes sham rTMS. AR intervention includes weight-shift exercise, strengthening of lower limb and balance training for 45 minutes.

Aktivní komparátor: AR group

Ten participants in group C will undergo augmented reality exercise 60 minutes a day and 3 days per week for four weeks.

Behaviorální: AR

AR intervention contains weight-shift exercise, strengthening of lower limb and balance training for 60 minutes.

Aktivní komparátor: Conventional physiotherapy group

Ten participants allocated to the group D will receive conventional physiotherapy 60 minutes a day and 3 days per week for four weeks.

Behaviorální: Conventional physiotherapy

Conventional physiotherapy includes rolling, sitting, balance exercise, standing, overground walking, facilitation of the paretic limbs, and so on for 60 minutes.

Change of Time Up Go test (TUG)

The TUG test will ask participants to stand up, walk for 3 m, turn, walk back and sit down as fast as they can during the test, and the time requires for each patient to complete the test is recorded.

Change of Berg Balance Scale (BBS)

Participants performed a series of 14 functional balance tasks, including maintaining a quiet stance, sitting-to-standing, shifting weight and reaching, turning in place, standing on one leg, and maintaining a tandem stance. Each task was scored on a 5-point ordinal scale (from 0 to 4). A score of 0 denotes the inability of the participant to perform the task, and a score of 4 denotes that the participant can complete the task based on a preset criterion. The highest possible score is 56.

Change of Motor evoked potential (MEP)

Motor evoked potential (MEP) is recorded from tibialis anterior muscles following direct transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex. All TMS is delivered with the participant seated upright on the chair. Both passive and active conditions, participants are instructed to relax their right leg in the seated position. TMS is delivered over the motor cortex (M1) using a concave double cone coil (Magstim Co., United Kingdom) attached to a BiStim magnetic stimulator (Magstim Co., United Kingdom). To locate the optimal site, stimuli are delivered over various points along the M1. The optimal site is the location on the M1 that evoked the greatest MEP amplitude in the bilateral tibialis anterior muscles. The onset latency and onset to peak amplitude will be assessed.

Change of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA)-Lower extremity

Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower extremity is used to measure lower-limb recovery in stroke rehabilitation studies.The scale has 6 items ranging from reflex activity to voluntary motor control. Each item further comprises components, with a total of 17. Scoring is done on a 3-point ordinal scale ranges from 0 (no performance) to 2 (faultless performance). The total score range from 0 (no motor function) to 34 (good motor recovery).

Change of Multi-directional Reach Test (MDRT)

Participants will be required to reach in the forward, left and right directions. The test is performed with the participant in standing. It is the measure of the difference, in centimeters, between arm's length with arms at 90° flexion/ abduction and maximal forward, left and right directions reaching respectively, using a fixed base of support. The test uses a centimeters measuring device against a wall at shoulder height.

Change of The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS)

The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) is a postural assessment scale specifically designed to assess and monitor postural control after stroke. It contains 12 four-level items of varying difficulty for assessing ability to maintain or change a given lying, sitting, or standing posture. The PASS consists of 2 sections with a 4-point scale to describe each task. The total score ranges from 0 - 36. A score of 0 denotes the inability of the participant to perform the task, and a score of 3 denotes that the participant can complete the task based on a preset criterion. The highest possible score is 36.

Change of Taiwanese Depression Questionnaires (TDQ)

Taiwanese Depression Questionnaires (TDQ) contains 18 items to screen the situation of depression within a week. The TDQ, which is a 4-point scale with 18 items, is a culturally specific depression self-rating instrument for effective screening of depression in Taiwan and has satisfactory reliability and validity. Subjects are guided to rate each item on a scale from 0 to 3 on the basis of "how often you felt the physical and emotional aspects during the past week". Zero denotes never, three means always. TDQ scores range from 0 to 54.