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Does Use of Ultrasound Reduce the Rate of Sham Caudal Block in Children

20. februar 2020 opdateret af: Adam Adler MD, MS, FAAP, Baylor College of Medicine
Caudal blocks are one of the most commonly performed regional anesthetics in children and are performed daily for a host of infra-umbilical surgical procedures. A caudal block is an epidural injection, most commonly of local anesthetic into the epidural space as accessed via the sacral hiatus. In children, the sacral hiatus is a normally occurring aperture in which the epidural space may be accessed with extremely minimal risk; as neural tissue ends more proximally. Due to this measure of safety, caudal blocks are preferred in children when compared with standard lumbar epidurals. Caudal blocks are performed blindly using palpation and tactile feedback to assess if the medication is being administered in the correct location. As a result of blind injection, administration of local anesthetic totally or partially outside of the correct site can often be unnoticed or identified after a significant volume has already been injected. With the potential for toxicity of local anesthetic, this may result in either the inability to give a complete dose or an unintentional and often unnoticed sham block "incorrect site of injection".

Studieoversigt

Status

Trukket tilbage

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Caudal blocks are one of the most commonly performed regional anesthetics in children and are performed daily for a host of infra-umbilical surgical procedures. A caudal block is an epidural injection, most commonly of local anesthetic into the epidural space as accessed via the sacral hiatus. In children, the sacral hiatus is a normally occurring aperture in which the epidural space may be accessed with extremely minimal risk; as neural tissue ends more proximally. Due to this measure of safety, caudal blocks are preferred in children when compared with standard lumbar epidurals. Caudal blocks are performed blindly using palpation and tactile feedback to assess if the medication is being administered in the correct location. As a result of blind injection, administration of local anesthetic totally or partially outside of the correct site can often be unnoticed or identified after a significant volume has already been injected. With the potential for toxicity of local anesthetic, this may result in either the inability to give a complete dose or an unintentional and often unnoticed sham block "incorrect site of injection".

Use of ultrasound has been proposed for identification of caudal block placement and correct medication spread. However, a recent review of the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network database reveals that ultrasound is reportedly only used in less that 3% of blocks. The benefit of ultrasound is safe and real-time confirmation of injection. Ultrasound allows the provider to determine with minimal local anesthetic or even saline injection if the correct space is accessed. Without ultrasound, failed blocks are either identified after significant percentage of the total dose of local anesthetic is incorrectly administered or intra or post operatively when the patient demonstrates a significant opioid requirement. This is problematic given that one of the primary benefits of a caudal block in children is the ability to avoid opioids.

Review of local practice here at Texas Children's Hospital for quality improvement purposes revealed a failure rate of caudal blocks to be 18%. Failure was defined as a heart rate increase with incision of >20% despite a caudal block and >1MAC of gas for the patient age. These patients all required opioids both intra and post operatively in addition to surgical levels of inhaled anesthetic agent.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Kontakter og lokationer

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Studiesteder

    • Texas
      • Houston, Texas, Forenede Stater, 77030
        • Texas Childrens Hospital

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

Ikke ældre end 7 år (Barn)

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ingen

Køn, der er berettiget til at studere

Alle

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children ages 0-84 months
  • Infra-umbilical procedure for which a caudal block is already planned
  • American Society of Anesthesiology classifications of 1,2 or 3

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Incarcerated hernias
  • Emergency procedures
  • Local Anesthetic allergy
  • Sacral dimple
  • Rash over sacrum
  • Parents/legal guardians unable to consent for surgical procedure in English language Foster Care/Child protective services as guardians
  • Parental Refusal for caudal block or study participation
  • American Society of Anesthesiology classifications other than 1,2 or 3

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Behandling
  • Tildeling: N/A
  • Interventionel model: Enkelt gruppeopgave
  • Maskning: Ingen (Åben etiket)

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Ultrasound

The attending anesthesiologist will perform or instruct the placement of a caudal block according to their standard of practice. At the time of administration of local anesthetic into the caudal space, the study collaborator (SC) will ultrasound the caudal space keeping the provider placing the block blinded to the imaging. The provider placing the block will inject 0.5mL of saline. The provider will then be asked to state if they are correctly in the caudal space or not. If the provider feels they are not in the caudal space, they will re-do the procedure. If the provider fails to identify incorrect location and this is noted by ultrasound, the SC will inform the provider to re-do the procedure.

All study participants will have ultrasound used for caudal block.

The attending anesthesiologist will perform or instruct the placement of a caudal block according to their standard of practice. At the time of administration of local anesthetic into the caudal space, the study collaborator (SC) will ultrasound the caudal space keeping the provider placing the block blinded to the imaging. The provider placing the block will inject 0.5mL of preservative free saline. The provider will then be asked to state if they are correctly in the caudal space or not. If the provider feels they are not in the caudal space, they will re-do the procedure. If the provider fails to identify incorrect location and this is noted by ultrasound, the SC will inform the provider to re-do the procedure

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Identify the rate at which blindly placed caudal blocks are not within the epidural space
Tidsramme: 15 minutes
Assess the percentage of providers not recognizing wrong site of injection without ultrasound
15 minutes

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Identify the rate at which ultrasound can guide a wrong block into the correct location
Tidsramme: 15 minutes
Assess the number of blocks that are require the use of ultrasound to redirect needle into caudal space
15 minutes
Identify if lack of heart rate change on incision can predict successful placement when medication administration is successfully confirmed with ultrasound
Tidsramme: 15 minutes
With ultrasound identification of correct caudal injection, (successful block), does lack of heart rate change correlated with successful block
15 minutes
Identify if after using ultrasound to visualize placement, if concentrations of inhaled agents may be reduced in children
Tidsramme: 30 minutes to 3 hours
With demonstration of successful caudal injection, can inhaled agent concentration be reduced as calculated by MAC hours
30 minutes to 3 hours

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Efterforskere

  • Ledende efterforsker: Adam C Adler, MD, FAAP, Texas Childrens Hospital

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Faktiske)

30. juni 2017

Primær færdiggørelse (Faktiske)

30. oktober 2017

Studieafslutning (Faktiske)

30. oktober 2017

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

12. september 2017

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

13. september 2017

Først opslået (Faktiske)

14. september 2017

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

24. februar 2020

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

20. februar 2020

Sidst verificeret

1. februar 2020

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • H-40844

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

Studerer et amerikansk FDA-reguleret lægemiddelprodukt

Ingen

Studerer et amerikansk FDA-reguleret enhedsprodukt

Ja

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