Impact of High Protein and Low Carbohydrate Smoothie Drinks in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

April 7, 2022 updated by: Mahidol University

Impact of High Protein and Low Carbohydrate Smoothie Drinks Versus Diabetes-specific Nutritional Formulas on Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

We compared between a regular high protein or a high protein and low carbohydrate smoothie drinks with conventional diabetic enteral drinks (Glucerna) on glucose homeostasis, insulin and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic and obese individuals.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

We aimed to determine the effect of high protein and low carbohydrate smoothie drinks on glucose homeostasis, insulin and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic and obese individuals. We compared between a regular high protein or a high protein and low carbohydrate smoothie drinks with conventional diabetic enteral drinks (Glucerna). A crossover design study was done in 60 diabetic participants. Participants consumed 300 kilocalories of each drink at a time with one week wash out period between drinks and glucose response curves at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes were monitored and compared. The products were formulated to supply 1 kilocalorie/milliliter (kcal/ml). Dietary compositions in regular formulas (smoothie, SM) were 30-40% carbohydrate, 20-30% protein and 30-50% fat. While in smoothie with low carbohydrate formulas (SMLS), they were 25-35% carbohydrate, 25-30% protein and 35-55% fat vs. a control formula (Glucerna).

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
43

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Thailand
    • Bangkok
      • Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand, 10700
        • Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 65 years (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. people with type 2 diabetes mellitus or use blood glucose-lowering drugs more than 3 months
  2. BMI > 25 kg/m^2
  3. HbA1c 6.5 - 8.5
  4. use stable level of blood glucose-lowering drugs and blood lipid-lowering drugs more than 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. pregnancy or breastfeeding
  2. people with chronic diseases or tube feeding or dysphagia i.e. pneumonia
  3. people with insulin injection or use GLP-1 analogues drugs or DPP-4 inhibitors drugs
  4. people with history of bariatric surgery, gastroparesis, malabsorption
  5. people with history of diseases that affect blood glucose/lipid control i.e. hyperthyroidism, endocrinology and kidney disorders
  6. use long-term immunosuppressants
  7. cancer patient

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
  • Allocation: RANDOMIZED
  • Interventional Model: CROSSOVER
  • Masking: DOUBLE

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
EXPERIMENTAL: smoothie with regular formulas (SM)
Participants were given 300 kcal smoothie with regular formulas within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes.
Dietary supplement: smoothie with regular formulas (SM)
Participants were given 300 kcal of smoothie drink within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Participants have one week wash out period before try-out other formulas.
EXPERIMENTAL: smoothie with low carbohydrate formulas (SMLS)
Participants were given 300 kcal smoothie with low carbohydrate formulas within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes.
Dietary supplement: smoothie with low carbohydrate formulas (SMLS)
Participants were given 300 kcal of smoothie drink within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Participants have one week wash out period before try-out other formulas.
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: conventional diabetic enteral drinks (Glucerna)
Participants were given 300 kcal Glucerna within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes.
Dietary supplement: conventional diabetic enteral drinks (Glucerna)
Participants were given 300 kcal of smoothie drink within 3-5 minutes and blood collection after drinking at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Participants have one week wash out period before try-out other formulas.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change from baseline Glycemia at 240 minutes
Time Frame: Minutes after intake of each smoothie formula: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240
glucose (mg/dl)
Minutes after intake of each smoothie formula: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240
Change from baseline Insulin at 240 minutes
Time Frame: Minutes after intake of each smoothie formula: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240
insulin (μU/ml)
Minutes after intake of each smoothie formula: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Age
Time Frame: Baseline
years
Baseline
Weight
Time Frame: Baseline
kg
Baseline
Body Mass Index
Time Frame: Baseline
kg/m^2
Baseline
Height
Time Frame: Baseline
cm
Baseline
Waist circumference
Time Frame: Baseline
cm
Baseline
Blood pressure
Time Frame: Baseline
Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Time Frame: Baseline
Red blood cells (RBC) [10^6 cells/ul], White blood cells (WBC) [10^3 cells/ul], Hemoglobin (HGB) [g/dL], Hematocrit (HCT) [%]
Baseline
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
Time Frame: Baseline
percentage (%)
Baseline
liver aminotransferaces activity - Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT)
Time Frame: Baseline
Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) [U/L]
Baseline
liver aminotransferaces activity - Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)
Time Frame: Baseline
Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) [U/L]
Baseline
lipid profiles concentration analysis
Time Frame: Baseline
Triglycerides (mg/dl), Cholesterol (mg/dl), HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) and LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)
Baseline
Creatinine concentration analysis
Time Frame: Baseline
mg/dl
Baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Mahidol University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
National Research Council of Thailand

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (ACTUAL)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 4, 2020

Primary Completion (ACTUAL)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 31, 2021

Study Completion (ACTUAL)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 31, 2021

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
October 1, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
October 5, 2020

First Posted (ACTUAL)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
October 6, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
April 8, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 7, 2022

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
April 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 814/2562 (IRB3)

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Conditions

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Drug Interventions

Dietary Supplements

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