Optimizing Treatment for Treatment-Experienced, HIV-Infected People

The Optimized Treatment That Includes or Omits NRTIs Trial: A Randomized Strategy Study for HIV-1-Infected Treatment-Experienced Subjects Using the cPSS to Select an Effective Regimen

The goal of anti-HIV therapy is to prevent HIV from replicating. Long-term control of HIV requires at least two anti-HIV drugs that are active against the virus. Drug resistance is a problem for many treatment-experienced, HIV-infected people. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefit of adding a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) to a new anti-HIV drug regimen for the suppression of HIV.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: HIV Infections
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Raltegravir; Drug: Enfuvirtide; Drug: Darunavir; Drug: Tipranavir; Drug: Etravirine; Drug: Maraviroc

Detailed Description

Two or more fully active antiretrovirals (ARVs) are recommended for successful suppression of HIV. In people infected with resistant HIV virus, finding two drugs that are fully active against HIV can be a challenge. However, the new generation of anti-HIV drugs has been designed to suppress drug-resistant HIV. These drugs include the FDA-approved protease inhibitors (PIs) darunavir and tipranavir, the investigational non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor (nNRTI) etravirine, the FDA-approved fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide, the recently FDA-approved CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc, and the investigational integrase inhibitor raltegravir. Also, it is not yet known whether multiple, partially-active drugs have the same rate of success in suppressing HIV. The purpose of this study was to use HIV resistance testing to predict the potency of a suggested ARV regimen using second generation ARVs and determine if the benefits of adding NRTIs to this new drug regimen outweigh the risks of drug toxicity and pill burden. All participants had treatment experience or resistance to NRTIs, nNRTIs, and PIs, and received novel agents.

An active screening period (after enrollment but before randomization or treatment dispensation), occurred for up to 75 days for all participants, and study participation lasted an additional 96 weeks for those who qualified for either randomization or assignment (i.e. not randomized), to the study intervention. During active screening, all participants remained on their current drug regimen. During screening, phenotypic and genotypic HIV resistance tests were performed on participants' blood samples, as well as a coreceptor tropism assay. Using this information and medication history, the study team determined the best new regimen options for each participant. Each clinician, along with the study participant, then chose a new regimen based on the recommendations of the study team and the participant's preference.

Evaluation for study outcomes began when participants started their new regimen as assigned by either randomization or determined assignment. Stratification between Arms A (Add NRTIs) and B (Omit NRTIs) or Arm C (Non-randomized to Add NRTIs) was based on predicted activity of the new regimen. Those assigned to a regimen with higher predicted activity were randomly assigned to Arm A (Add NRTIs) or B (Omit NRTIs); those assigned a regimen predicted to have lower activity were not randomized, but were assigned to Arm C (Add NRTIs).

Participants in Arms A and C were instructed to take their newly assigned study regimen plus at least 2 NRTIs (personalized from expert recommendation and choice by local provider and participant) for 96 weeks. Participants in Arm B were instructed to take their newly assigned study regimen with no NRTIs for 96 weeks. Participants in all arms who met the primary efficacy outcome of regimen failure remained in the study in order to be followed for important secondary outcomes.

All participants were scheduled to have 13 clinical visits, which included blood collection. At some visits, urine collection and quality of life and adherence questionnaires occurred. A neurocognitive assessment was performed for all participants at time of starting the new study regimen. Participants may also have consented to have cerebrospinal fluid collected via lumbar puncture following study treatment assignment and/or at Week 24. Those participants who consented to cerebrospinal fluid collection also had neurocognitive assessments at the times of collections. Participants were responsible for obtaining certain ARVs not provided by the study, including the ARVs they during the active screening period.

The primary and secondary study objectives and comparisons relate to the randomized arms, and therefore, results are not provided for the non-randomized arm (C). The purpose of the non-randomized arm (C) was to include persons higher baseline resistance (and thus, lower activity scores) in order to address an exploratory objective related to the predictive power of these activity scores (and thus a larger range of scores by inclusion of arm C), on certain, virologic outcomes.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 517
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Puerto Rico
  • San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936
    • San Juan City Hosp. PR NICHD CRS
  • San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00935
    • Puerto Rico AIDS Clinical Trials Unit CRS
  • San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00935
    • University of Puerto Rico Pediatric HIV/AIDS Research Program CRS
• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294-2050
      • Alabama Therapeutics CRS
  • California
    • Long Beach, California, United States, 90806
      • Miller Children's Hosp. Long Beach CA NICHD CRS
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
      • Usc La Nichd Crs
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90035
      • UCLA CARE Center CRS
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095-1752
      • UCLA-Los Angeles/Brazil AIDS Consortium (LABAC) CRS
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
      • University of Southern California CRS
    • Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304-5350
      • Stanford AIDS Clinical Trials Unit CRS
    • San Diego, California, United States, 92103
      • UCSD Antiviral Research Center CRS
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94110
      • Ucsf Hiv/Aids Crs
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94143
      • Univ. of California San Francisco NICHD CRS
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • University of Colorado Hospital CRS
    • Denver, Colorado, United States, 80204
      • Denver Public Health CRS
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20060
      • Howard Univ. Washington DC NICHD CRS
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20007
      • Georgetown University CRS (GU CRS)
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20010
      • Children's National Med. Ctr. ATN CRS
  • Florida
    • Miami, Florida, United States, 33136
      • Pediatric Perinatal HIV Clinical Trials Unit CRS
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30308-2012
      • The Ponce de Leon Center CRS
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612
      • Rush University CRS
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
      • Northwestern University CRS
  • Louisiana
    • New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112-2699
      • Tulane Univ. New Orleans NICHD CRS
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21205
      • Johns Hopkins University CRS
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201
      • IHV Baltimore Treatment CRS
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
      • Massachusetts General Hospital CRS (MGH CRS)
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02118
      • Bmc Actg Crs
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
      • Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr., ACTG CRS
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02118
      • Boston Medical Center Ped. HIV Program NICHD CRS
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
      • Brigham and Women's Hospital Therapeutics Clinical Research Site (BWH TCRS) CRS
  • Michigan
    • Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202
      • Henry Ford Hosp. CRS
    • Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201
      • Wayne State Univ. CRS
  • Missouri
    • Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
      • Washington University Therapeutics (WT) CRS
  • New Jersey
    • Camden, New Jersey, United States, 08103
      • Cooper Univ. Hosp. CRS
    • Newark, New Jersey, United States, 07103
      • Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School CRS
    • Newark, New Jersey, United States, 07103
      • New Jersey Medical School Clinical Research Center CRS
  • New York
    • Bronx, New York, United States, 10457
      • Bronx-Lebanon Hosp. Ctr. CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10016
      • Nyu Ny Nichd Crs
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • Columbia IMPAACT CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10016
      • NY Univ. HIV/AIDS CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032-3732
      • Columbia P&S CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10037
      • Harlem ACTG CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10029
      • Metropolitan Hosp. NICHD CRS
    • New York, New York, United States, 10011
      • Weill Cornell Chelsea CRS
    • Rochester, New York, United States, 14642
      • Univ. of Rochester ACTG CRS
    • Rochester, New York, United States, 14607
      • Trillium Health ACTG CRS
  • North Carolina
    • Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27514
      • Chapel Hill CRS
    • Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710
      • Duke Univ. Med. Ctr. Adult CRS
  • Ohio
    • Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45267-0405
      • Cincinnati CRS
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106
      • Case Clinical Research Site
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44109
      • MetroHealth CRS
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
      • Ohio State University CRS
  • Oregon
    • Portland, Oregon, United States, 97210
      • The Research & Education Group-Portland CRS
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104
      • Penn Therapeutics, CRS
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19107
      • Thomas Jefferson Univ. Med. Ctr. CRS
    • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213-2582
      • University of Pittsburgh CRS
  • Rhode Island
    • Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02906
      • The Miriam Hospital Clinical Research Site (TMH CRS) CRS
  • Tennessee
    • Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38105
      • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital CRS
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37204
      • Vanderbilt Therapeutics (VT) CRS
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75208
      • Trinity Health and Wellness Center CRS
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • Houston AIDS Research Team CRS
    • Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
      • Texas Children's Hospital CRS
  • Virginia
    • Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23298
      • Virginia Commonwealth Univ. Medical Ctr. CRS
  • Washington
    • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98104
      • University of Washington AIDS CRS

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV-1 infection
• Triple-class drug experience or resistance. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Currently on a failing PI-containing regimen that includes 2 other ARVs with no regimen change for 8 weeks prior to study screening
• HIV viral load of 1000 copies/ml or more
• Hepatitis B surface antigen negative within 90 days of study entry
• Able to obtain NRTIs and ritonavir and have required ARVs at time of starting study intervention
• Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception
• Parent or legal guardian willing to provide consent, if applicable
• CD4 count result from a specimen drawn within 120 days prior to study entry
• If any previous HIV-1 viral co-receptor tropism result is available, then most recent specimen date and the tropism result of that specimen AND specimen date and tropism result of any test with either X4 or D/M result, if different from the first specimen, must be available

Inclusion Criteria continued:

• Receipt of successful phenotype/genotype resistance results within 105 days prior to study treatment intervention assignment
• Study team identification of a study regimen and at least 2 NRTIs for participant to take
• Certain abnormal laboratory values. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Chronic, active hepatitis B virus infection (hepatitis B surface antigen positive or HBV DNA positive)
• Taking certain medications. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
• Known allergy/sensitivity to components of two or more of the study-provided drugs or their formulations. For maraviroc, this includes hypersensitivity or history of allergy to soy lecithin or peanuts.
• Active drug or alcohol use that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Use of any immunomodulator (interferons, interleukins, systemic corticosteroids, or cyclosporine), vaccine, or investigational therapy within 30 days prior to study treatment allocation/assignment
• Require certain medications prohibited with study treatment
• Serious illness requiring systemic treatment or hospitalization. Participants who complete therapy or are clinically stable on therapy for at least 14 days prior to study treatment allocation are not excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: A; Regimen with higher predicted activity assigned by the study plus at least 2 NRTIs (personalized choice from expert recommendation) for 96 weeks. A 3-4 drug regimen was selected from the drugs listed to the right.	Drug: Raltegravir; 400 mg twice daily; Drug: Enfuvirtide; 90mg subcutaneously twice daily; Drug: Darunavir; Two 300-mg tablets twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Tipranavir; Two 250-mg capsules twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Etravirine; Two 100-mg tablets twice daily; Drug: Maraviroc; Dosage dependent on regimen in which maraviroc is included
Experimental: B; Regimen with higher predicted activity assigned by the study without NRTIs for 96 weeks. A 3-4 drug regimen was selected from the drugs listed to the right.	Drug: Raltegravir; 400 mg twice daily; Drug: Enfuvirtide; 90mg subcutaneously twice daily; Drug: Darunavir; Two 300-mg tablets twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Tipranavir; Two 250-mg capsules twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Etravirine; Two 100-mg tablets twice daily; Drug: Maraviroc; Dosage dependent on regimen in which maraviroc is included
Other: C; Regimen with lower predicted activity assigned plus at least 2 NRTIs (personalized choice from expert recommendation) for 96 weeks. A 3-4 drug regimen was selected from the drugs listed to the right.	Drug: Raltegravir; 400 mg twice daily; Drug: Enfuvirtide; 90mg subcutaneously twice daily; Drug: Darunavir; Two 300-mg tablets twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Tipranavir; Two 250-mg capsules twice daily, given with ritonavir 100mg twice daily (ritonavir not provided by the study); Drug: Etravirine; Two 100-mg tablets twice daily; Drug: Maraviroc; Dosage dependent on regimen in which maraviroc is included

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Percent of Participants With Regimen Failure, Defined as a Confirmed Virologic Failure or Discontinuation of Randomized NRTI Component of Study Treatment	Virologic failure defined as confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA meeting 1 of the following 4 criteria: < 1.0 log10 copies/mL reduction from baseline level and >= 200 copies/mL at or after week 12 evaluation; >= 200 copies/mL after 1 measurement < 200 copies/mL; absence of any values < 200 copies/mL by and including week 24 evaluation; >= 200 copies/mL at week 48 evaluation. Discontinuation of Randomized NRTI component of Study Treatment is defined as permanently stopping all NRTIs among those randomized to add NRTIs, or starting any NRTI among those randomized to omit NRTIs. Subjects leaving the study for reasons other than death, relocation, incarceration, or site closure were reviewed for the discontinuation outcome by a blinded, independent panel. Additionally, any participant failing to start study treatment after randomization and prior to closure was also reviewed. Results report percent of participants reaching regimen failure outcome by week 48 evaluation using Kaplan-Meier method.	From study entry to end of Week 48 evaluation window

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time From Treatment Dispensation to First Grade 3 or Higher (and at Least One Grade Higher Than Baseline) Signs/Symptom or Laboratory Abnormality	Events following permanent discontinuation of NRTI assignment are excluded (i.e. censoring at time of this event, if applicable). Week 96 study visit could occur up to 110 weeks following randomization. Censoring time was the latest study visit when participant was evaluated or when NRTI assignment was discontinued (when applicable). Event time was the exact number of weeks following treatment initiation when the qualifying sign/symptom started (for those safety events triggered by a sign/symptom), or exact number of weeks following treatment initiation when specimen from qualifying laboratory result was drawn (for those safety events triggered by a laboratory abnormality).	From treatment dispensation to week 96 study visit
Time From Treatment Dispensation to First Study ARV Modification (Excluding NRTIs, if Applicable)	First study ARV modification included any discontinuation or substitution of any chosen and initiated ARV for any reason. Events prompting study medication change could include protocol required (e.g. safety), protocol recommended but not required (e.g. virologic failure), or participant motivated (such as non-adherence, loss to follow-up or death; in other words, not protocol recommended or required). Event times were the exact weeks from treatment initiation to the time of qualifying regimen modification. Censoring times were the exact weeks from treatment initiation to the last date of study drugs. The week 96 (final study visit) could occur up through 110 weeks following randomization.	From treatment dispensation to week 96 study visit
Time From Randomization to Discontinuation of Randomized NRTI Component of Study Treatment	Discontinuation of Randomized NRTI component of Study Treatment is defined as permanently stopping all NRTIs among those randomized to add NRTIs, or starting any NRTI among those randomized to omit NRTIs. Subjects leaving the study for reasons other than death, relocation, incarceration, or site closure were reviewed for meeting this outcome by a blinded, independent panel. Additionally, any participant failing to start study treatment after randomization and prior to closure was also reviewed. Event times were scheduled study weeks when discontinuation events occurred. Censoring times were latest scheduled study visit weeks with evaluation.	From randomization to week 96 study visit
Time From Randomization to Confirmed Virological Failure	Virologic failure defined as confirmed (two consecutive) plasma HIV-1 RNA meeting 1 of the following 4 criteria: < 1.0 log10 copies/mL reduction from baseline level and >= 200 copies/mL at or after week 12 evaluation; >= 200 copies/mL after 1 measurement < 200 copies/mL; absence of any values < 200 copies/mL by and including week 24 evaluation; >= 200 copies/mL at week 48 evaluation. Event time was the scheduled study visit week when the initial plasma HIV-1 RNA specimen meeting the failure definition was collected. Censoring time was the latest scheduled study visit week when a plasma HIV-1 RNA specimen was collected and tested.	From randomization to week 96 study visit
Number of Participants With Plasma HIV-1 Viral Load < 50 Copies/ml	Number of participants with plasma HIV-1 Viral load < 50 copies/mL at study visit weeks 24, 48, and 96. Closest observed result between 20 and up to 30 weeks (for week 24), between 42 and up to 54 (for week 48), and between 90 and up to 110 (for week 96) used if multiple results available. Missing values excluded.	At Weeks 24, 48, 96
Change in Plasma HIV-1 Viral Load From Baseline to Week 1	Method of Kaplan and Meier used to accommodate left-censoring for those whose week 1 levels < 50 copies/mL.	From baseline to Week 1 evaluation
Change in Summarized Quality of Life Score	Quality-of-life score at each evaluation based upon a single question assessing participants' self-report of general health with a range of 0 (representing worst health status) to 100 (representing perfect health).	At study entry and Weeks 24, 48, 96
Number of Participants Self-reporting Non-adherence to Assigned Study ARVS (Excluding NRTIs, if Applicable)	Results represent self-report of non-adherence during the 4-day period prior to the outcome evaluation visit. Participants in follow-up for whom these data are missing for any reason are inferred as not-adherent.	At Weeks 24 and 48
Change in Cardiovascular Risk Score From Baseline	Cardiovascular risk score defined by Framingham providing an estimate of the probability of developing cardiovascular disease over the next 10-year period. Persons with a historical cardiovascular event (CAD, cerebro- or peripheral- vascular disorder, MI or stroke), were excluded, and scores were not calculated at follow-up times after individuals had a cardiovascular event. Missing values for input data (e.g. smoking status) resulted in a missing value for Framingham score.	At Weeks 24, 48, and 96
Change in CD4 Count From Baseline	Baseline CD4 calculated as average of pre-entry and entry values. Closest observed result between 42 and up to 54 weeks (for week 48) or between 90 and up to 110 weeks (for week 96), used if multiple results available. Missing values excluded.	From study entry to Weeks 48 and 96
Time From Treatment Dispensation to Serious Non-AIDS-defining Events	Serious Non-AIDS defining Events were adjudicated by independent and blinded review and possible events included serious diagnoses in the following disease areas: liver, cardiovascular, end-stage renal, non-AIDS malignancy, and diabetes mellitus. Week 96 study visit could take place up to 110 weeks following randomization. Event times were the exact weeks following treatment initiation corresponding to the diagnosis dates of the qualifying serious non-AIDS defining events. Censoring times were the weeks following treatment initiation corresponding to the latest study visit.	From treatment initiation to week 96 study visit
Number of Participants With Change in Virus Co-receptor Tropism Among Those With R5-only Tropic Virus at Study Entry	HIV Co-receptor tropism test result of either dual/mixed or evidence of X4 using virus from sample collected at confirmed virologic failure.	From study entry to time of confirmed virological failure (up to 96 weeks)
Change in Fasting Non-HDL Cholesterol From Baseline	Fasting non-HDL cholesterol calculated from difference between fasting total cholesterol and fasting HDL level. Missing values and non-fasting values excluded.	From study entry to Weeks 24, 48
Participants With Newly Acquired HIV Drug Resistance Between Study Entry and Confirmed Virologic Failure	Defined among the subgroup of participants experiencing the outcome of confirmed virologic failure. Newly acquired HIV drug resistance is defined as one or more ARVs with partial resistance or resistance when pre-entry resistance was fully sensitive or resistant when pre-entry resistance was fully sensitive or partially sensitive. The ARVs included for resistance acquisition included the following: darunavir/ritonavir; etravirine, tipranavir, tenofovir, emtracitabine, lamivudine, zidovudine, abacavir.	Between baseline and confirmed virologic failure (up to 96 weeks)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
• Collaborators: AIDS Clinical Trials Group
• Investigators: Study Chair: Karen T. Tashima, MD, Brown University; Study Chair: Richard H. Haubrich, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSD Antiviral Research Center

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Altmann A, Beerenwinkel N, Sing T, Savenkov I, Doumer M, Kaiser R, Rhee SY, Fessel WJ, Shafer RW, Lengauer T. Improved prediction of response to antiretroviral combination therapy using the genetic barrier to drug resistance. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(2):169-78. doi: 10.1177/135965350701200202.
• Eshleman SH, Husnik M, Hudelson S, Donnell D, Huang Y, Huang W, Hart S, Jackson B, Coates T, Chesney M, Koblin B. Antiretroviral drug resistance, HIV-1 tropism, and HIV-1 subtype among men who have sex with men with recent HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2007 May 31;21(9):1165-74. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32810fd72e.
• Geretti AM. Clinical implications of HIV drug resistance to nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS Rev. 2006 Oct-Dec;8(4):210-20.
• Mallolas J, Blanco J, Labarga P, Vergara A, Ocampo A, Sarasa M, Arnedo M, Lopez-Pua Y, Garcia J, Juega J, Guelar A, Terron A, Dalmau D, Garcia I, Zarraga M, Martinez E, Carne X, Pumarola T, Escayola R, Gatell J. Inhibitory quotient as a prognostic factor of response to a salvage antiretroviral therapy containing ritonavir-boosted saquinavir. The CIVSA Study. HIV Med. 2007 May;8(4):226-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00464.x.
• Gandhi RT, Tashima KT, Smeaton LM, Vu V, Ritz J, Andrade A, Eron JJ, Hogg E, Fichtenbaum CJ. Long-term Outcomes in a Large Randomized Trial of HIV-1 Salvage Therapy: 96-Week Results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5241 (OPTIONS). J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 7;221(9):1407-1415. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz281.
• Tashima KT, Smeaton LM, Fichtenbaum CJ, Andrade A, Eron JJ, Gandhi RT, Johnson VA, Klingman KL, Ritz J, Hodder S, Santana JL, Wilkin T, Haubrich RH; A5241 Study Team. HIV Salvage Therapy Does Not Require Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Dec 15;163(12):908-17. doi: 10.7326/M15-0949. Epub 2015 Nov 24.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2012
• Study Completion (Actual): April 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 27, 2007
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 27, 2007
• First Posted (Estimate): October 1, 2007

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 4, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 2, 2021
• Last Verified: May 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Treatment Experienced
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Blood-Borne Infections; Communicable Diseases; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Lentivirus Infections; Retroviridae Infections; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Immune System Diseases; HIV Infections; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiviral Agents; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Protease Inhibitors; HIV Integrase Inhibitors; Integrase Inhibitors; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Viral Protease Inhibitors; HIV Fusion Inhibitors; Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors; CCR5 Receptor Antagonists; Raltegravir Potassium; Maraviroc; Tipranavir; Enfuvirtide; Darunavir; Etravirine
• Other Study ID Numbers: A5241; 10395 (Registry Identifier: DAIDS ES); ACTG A5241; OPTIONS