Biological Therapy, Sargramostim, and Isotretinoin in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma

Feasibility/Phase II Study of hu14.18-IL2 Immunocytokine + GM-CSF and Isotretinoin in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma

This phase II trial is studying how well hu14.18-interleukin-2 (IL2) fusion protein works when given together with sargramostim and isotretinoin in treating patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. Biological therapy, such as hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein, and sargramostim work in different ways to stimulate the immune system and stop tumor cells from growing. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as isotretinoin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Giving hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein together with sargramostim and isotretinoin may kill more tumor cells.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Recurrent Neuroblastoma
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: laboratory biomarker analysis; Biological: sargramostim; Biological: hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein; Drug: isotretinoin

Detailed Description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of sargramostim (GM-CSF) and isotretinoin given in combination with hu14.18-IL-2 (hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein), as a test of feasibility for a future Phase III study.

II. To evaluate the anti-tumor activity of hu14.18-IL2 given in combination with GM-CSF and isotretinoin in patients with recurrent or refractory neuroblastoma with disease measurable by standard radiographic criteria (stratum-1).

III. To evaluate the anti-tumor activity of hu14.18-IL2 given in combination with GM-CSF and isotretinoin in patients with recurrent or refractory neuroblastoma evaluable only by meta iodo benzyl guanidine I 123 (MIBG) scintigraphy and/or bone marrow histology (stratum-2).

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To describe the disease burden of stratum-2 patients by semi-quantitative assessment of bone marrow and MIBG scintigraphy and determine whether there is an association between lower disease burden and response to hu14.18-IL2.

II. To assess molecular parameters of response (reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) for patients meeting complete response (CR) criteria.

III. To evaluate the immunologic activation induced in vivo by hu14.18-IL2. IV. To determine the induction of anti-hu14.18-IL2 antibody by treatment with hu14.18-IL2.

V. To test for associations between tumor response versus immune activation and anti-hu14.18-IL2 activity, and between measurements of toxicity versus immune activation and anti-hu14.18-IL2 activity.

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to measurable disease (disease measurable by standard radiographic criteria [stratum-1] vs disease evaluable only by meta iodo benzyl guanidine I 123 (MIBG) and/or bone marrow histology [stratum-2]).

Patients receive sargramostim subcutaneously (SC [preferred]) or IV over 2 hours on days 1-2 and 8-14, hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein IV over 4 hours on days 4-6, and isotretinoin orally (PO) twice daily on days 11-24. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 4-10 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients in stratum-1 who achieve stable disease (SD) after course 4 are removed from protocol therapy. Patients in stratum-2 who achieve SD after course 4 receive 2 additional courses of study treatment. Patients may undergo blood and bone marrow sample collection periodically for correlative studies.

After completion of study therapy, patients are followed up every 3 months for 1 year, every 6 months for 2 years, and then yearly for 2 years.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 52
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Alberta
    • Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8
      • Alberta Children's Hospital
  • British Columbia
    • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3V4
      • British Columbia Children's Hospital
  • Ontario
    • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
      • Hospital for Sick Children
  • Quebec
    • Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3H 1P3
      • The Montreal Children's Hospital of the MUHC
    • Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
      • Hospital Sainte-Justine
• United States
  • Alabama
    • Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294
      • University of Alabama at Birmingham
  • Arkansas
    • Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 72205
      • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
  • California
    • Arcadia, California, United States, 91006-3776
      • Children's Oncology Group
    • Loma Linda, California, United States, 92354
      • Loma Linda University Medical Center
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90027
      • Children's Hospital Los Angeles
    • Madera, California, United States, 93636-8762
      • Children's Hospital Central California
    • Orange, California, United States, 92868-3874
      • Childrens Hospital of Orange County
    • San Diego, California, United States, 92123
      • Rady Children's Hospital - San Diego
    • San Francisco, California, United States, 94143
      • University of California San Francisco Medical Center-Parnassus
  • Colorado
    • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
      • Children's Hospital Colorado
    • Denver, Colorado, United States, 80218
      • Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children-Presbyterian Saint Luke's Medical Center
  • Connecticut
    • Hartford, Connecticut, United States, 06106
      • Connecticut Children's Medical Center
  • District of Columbia
    • Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20010
      • Children's National Medical Center
  • Florida
    • Fort Myers, Florida, United States, 33901
      • Lee Memorial Health System
    • Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32207-8426
      • Nemours Children's Clinic - Jacksonville
    • Miami, Florida, United States, 33155
      • Miami Children's Hospital
    • Orlando, Florida, United States, 32803
      • Florida Hospital
    • Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States, 33701
      • All Children's Hospital
  • Georgia
    • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
      • Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston
  • Hawaii
    • Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96813
      • University of Hawaii
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637-1470
      • University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612
      • University of Illinois
    • Springfield, Illinois, United States, 62702
      • Southern Illinois University
  • Indiana
    • Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202
      • Riley Hospital for Children
  • Iowa
    • Des Moines, Iowa, United States, 50309
      • Raymond Blank Children's Hospital
  • Kentucky
    • Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536
      • University of Kentucky
    • Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 40202
      • Kosair Children's Hospital
  • Louisiana
    • New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112
      • Tulane University Health Sciences Center
    • New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70118
      • Children's Hospital-Main Campus
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21215
      • Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
      • Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
  • Michigan
    • Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States, 49007
      • Bronson Methodist Hospital
    • Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States, 49008
      • Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies
  • Minnesota
    • Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55404
      • Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota - Minneapolis
    • Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905
      • Mayo Clinic
  • Missouri
    • Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
      • Washington University School of Medicine
    • Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63104
      • Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center
  • New Jersey
    • Morristown, New Jersey, United States, 07962
      • Morristown Memorial Hospital
    • Summit, New Jersey, United States, 07902
      • Overlook Hospital
  • New Mexico
    • Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, 87106
      • University of New Mexico Cancer Center
  • New York
    • Buffalo, New York, United States, 14263
      • Roswell Park Cancer Institute
    • New York, New York, United States, 10032
      • Columbia University Medical Center
    • Syracuse, New York, United States, 13210
      • State University of New York Upstate Medical University
    • Valhalla, New York, United States, 10595
      • New York Medical College
  • North Carolina
    • Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599
      • University of North Carolina
    • Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, 28203
      • Carolinas Medical Center
    • Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, 28204
      • Presbyterian Hospital
    • Durham, North Carolina, United States, 27710
      • Duke University Medical Center
  • Ohio
    • Akron, Ohio, United States, 44308
      • Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron
    • Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45229
      • Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195
      • Cleveland Clinic Foundation
    • Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106
      • Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital
    • Dayton, Ohio, United States, 45404
      • The Children's Medical Center of Dayton
    • Toledo, Ohio, United States, 43606
      • The Toledo Hospital/Toledo Children's Hospital
  • Oklahoma
    • Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, 73104
      • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
    • Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, 74136
      • Natalie W Bryant Cancer Center
  • Oregon
    • Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239
      • Oregon Health and Science University
  • Pennsylvania
    • Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States, 18017
      • Lehigh Valley Hospital - Muhlenberg
    • Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 17033
      • Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104
      • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • South Dakota
    • Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States, 57117-5134
      • Sanford USD Medical Center - Sioux Falls
  • Tennessee
    • Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38105
      • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
    • Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232
      • Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75230
      • Medical City Dallas Hospital
    • Fort Worth, Texas, United States, 76104
      • Cook Children's Medical Center
  • Utah
    • Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, 84113
      • Primary Children's Medical Center
  • Virginia
    • Norfolk, Virginia, United States, 23507
      • Childrens Hospital-King's Daughters
    • Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23298
      • Virginia Commonwealth University
  • Washington
    • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98105
      • Seattle Children's Hospital
  • Wisconsin
    • Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States, 54301
      • Saint Vincent Hospital
    • Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53792
      • University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 1 year to 30 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The target tumor is limited to neuroblastoma; patients must have had histologic verification of neuroblastoma and/or demonstration of tumor cells in the bone marrow with increased urinary catecholamines at the time of initial diagnosis
• Patients must have resistant/refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma

• Tumor imaging and bone marrow evaluation for histologic analysis of marrow tumor cell quantity must be obtained within 3 weeks (21 days) prior to enrollment onto study and patients must have one of the following:

  • Measurable tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan, or x-ray defined as minimum of 20 mm in at least one dimension; measurable is defined as minimum of 20 mm in at least one dimension; for patients who are in first response (i.e., those patients with persistent sites of tumor after frontline therapy, but who have never relapsed), a biopsy of a lesion or bone marrow must demonstrate viable neuroblastoma following completion of therapy; if the lesion was irradiated, the biopsy must be done at least 4 weeks after radiation is completed
  • Meta iodo benzyl guanidine I 123 (MIBG) scan with positive uptake at minimum of one site; for patients in first response, a biopsy of site must demonstrate viable tumor; if lesion was radiated, biopsy must be done at least 4 weeks after radiation completed
  • Bone marrow with tumor cells seen on routine morphology (not by neuron specific enolase (NSE) staining only) of bilateral aspirate and/or biopsy on one bone marrow sample
• Patients must have a performance status of 0, 1 or 2; use Karnofsky >= 50% for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky >= 50 for patients =< 16 years of age
• Patients must have a life expectancy of ≥ 8 weeks
• Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study
• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: Must not have received within 3 weeks of entry onto this study (4 weeks if prior nitrosourea).
• Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): At least 7 days since the completion of therapy with a non-myelosuppressive biologic agent; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; for information on half-lives of these agents, refer to the table provided in the following link: https://members.childrensoncologygroup.org/_files/disc/dvl/Half-lifetableforeligibility.pdf
• External beam radiation therapy (XRT): >= 2 wks for local palliative XRT (small port); >= 6 months must have elapsed if prior craniospinal XRT or if >= 50% radiation of pelvis; >= 6 weeks must have elapsed if other substantial bone marrow (BM) radiation
• Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT): Patients are eligible > 56 days after autologous stem cell infusion following myeloablative therapy; patients receiving an autologous stem cell infusion to support non-myeloablative therapy (including 131I-MIBG given as a single agent) are eligible at any time as long as they meet the hematologic and other organ function criteria for eligibility; patients who have received an allogenic stem cell transplant are excluded
• radioactive iodine (131 I) MIBG therapy: Patients are eligible > 6 weeks after therapeutic 131I-MIBG
• Study specific limitations on prior therapy: Subjects who have previously received in vivo anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies for biologic therapy or for tumor imaging, are eligible unless they have had progressive disease or a severe allergic reaction while receiving prior anti-disialoganglioside (GD2) therapy; subjects who have received autologous marrow infusions or autologous stem cell infusions using monoclonal antibody linked to beads to purge specimens, but no other form of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, are eligible
• Growth factor(s): Must not have received within 1 week of entry onto this study
• Steroids: Patients who require or are likely to require corticosteroid or other immunosuppressive drugs for intercurrent disease (any other significant medical problem related to or independent from the neuroblastoma or its treatment) while tentatively scheduled to be receiving treatment on this study are ineligible; the only exception is for patients known to require 2 mg/kg or less of hydrocortisone (or an equivalent dose of an alternative corticosteroid) as premedication for blood product transfusion in order to avoid allergic transfusion reactions
• Peripheral absolute phagocyte count (APC=neutrophils + monocytes) >= 1000/uL
• Platelet count ≥ 20,000/μL*
• Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dL*
• Transfusions are permitted to meet these platelet and hemoglobin criteria, if the patient is known to have a history of bone marrow involvement with tumor; patients with platelet counts < 20,000/uL who are refractory to platelet transfusions are not eligible for this study; patients requiring transfusions of platelets or red blood cells (RBC) to meet eligibility criteria will not be evaluable for hematologic toxicity

• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 70 mL/min OR serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:

  • 0.4 mg/dL (1 month to < 6 months of age)
  • 0.5 mg/dL (6 months to < 1 years of age)
  • 0.6 mg/dL (1 to < 2 years of age)
  • 0.8 mg/dL (2 to < 6 years of age)
  • 1.0 mg/dL (6 to < 10 years of age)
  • 1.2 mg/dL (10 to < 13 years of age)
  • 1.5 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (13 to < 16 years of age)
  • 1.7 mg/dL (male) or 1.4 mg/dL (female) (≥ 16 years of age)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• Shortening fraction of >= 27% by echocardiogram
• Ejection fraction of >= 55% by gated radionuclide study (interleukin 2 [IL2] is associated with capillary leak and, at high doses, pulmonary edema)
• Corrected QT (QTC) interval < 450 msec
• Due to risk of IL2 associated vascular leak and pulmonary edema, patients must have normal respiratory function; this is defined as no evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance, and a pulse oximetry > 94% on room air; if pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are performed, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) must be greater than 60%
• Patients with a history of central nervous system (CNS) disease must have no clinical or radiological evidence of CNS disease at the time of protocol enrollment; (it is currently unknown whether hu14.18-IL2 penetrates the blood brain barrier to provide effective CNS treatment)
• Patients with seizure disorders may be enrolled if on anti-convulsants and well-controlled
• CNS toxicity =< grade 2

Exclusion Criteria:

• Females of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test
• Patients of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective birth control method (as isotretinoin is known to be teratogenic)
• Female patients who are lactating must agree to stop breast-feeding
• Patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure or uncontrolled cardiac rhythm disturbance are not eligible
• Patients with symptomatic pleural effusions or ascites (requiring constant or intermittent drainage) because IL2 is associated with capillary leak are not eligible
• Patients who have had major surgery (i.e., laparotomy or thoracotomy) within the past 2 weeks are not eligible, due to the capillary leak associated with IL2
• Patients with organ allografts (including bone marrow or stem cell) due to the immune activating effects of IL2 are not eligible; patients receiving prior autologous bone marrow or stem cell re-infusions are eligible
• Patients with prior history of ventilator support related to lung injury (lung injury such as pneumonia, hemorrhagic pneumonitis, capillary leakage) are excluded
• Patients with significant serious intercurrent illnesses (any other ongoing serious medical problem unrelated to cancer or its treatment) that is not covered by the detailed exclusion criteria and which is expected to interfere with the action of hu14.18-IL2 or to significantly increase the severity of the toxicities experienced from hu14.18-IL2 treatment are not eligible

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Disease measured by standard radiographic criteria; Treatment (hu14.18-Interleukin 2(IL2) fusion protein and isotretinoin). Patients receive sargramostim (SC [preferred]) or IV over 2 hours on days 1-2 and 8-14, hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein IV over 4 hours on days 4-6, and isotretinoin PO twice daily on days 11-24. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 4-10 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients in stratum-1 who achieve stable disease (SD) after course 4 are removed from protocol therapy. Patients in stratum-2 who achieve SD after course 4 receive 2 additional courses of study treatment. Patients may undergo blood and bone marrow sample collection periodically for correlative studies.	Other: laboratory biomarker analysis; Correlative studies; Biological: sargramostim; Given SC; Other Names: Leukine; Prokine; GM-CSF; Biological: hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein; Given IV; Other Names: EMD 273063; hu14.18-IL2; Drug: isotretinoin; Given PO; Other Names: 13-CRA; Amnesteem; Cistane; Claravis; Sotret
Experimental: Disease evaluable only by I-MIBG or BM histology; Treatment (hu14.18-Interleukin 2(IL2) fusion protein and isotretinoin). Patients receive sargramostim (SC [preferred]) or IV over 2 hours on days 1-2 and 8-14, hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein IV over 4 hours on days 4-6, and isotretinoin PO twice daily on days 11-24. Treatment repeats every 28 days for 4-10 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients in stratum-1 who achieve stable disease (SD) after course 4 are removed from protocol therapy. Patients in stratum-2 who achieve SD after course 4 receive 2 additional courses of study treatment. Patients may undergo blood and bone marrow sample collection periodically for correlative studies.	Other: laboratory biomarker analysis; Correlative studies; Biological: sargramostim; Given SC; Other Names: Leukine; Prokine; GM-CSF; Biological: hu14.18-IL2 fusion protein; Given IV; Other Names: EMD 273063; hu14.18-IL2; Drug: isotretinoin; Given PO; Other Names: 13-CRA; Amnesteem; Cistane; Claravis; Sotret

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients With Unacceptable Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs)	Test for tolerability and monitor for the occurrence of too many unacceptable DLTs using a two-stage stopping rule: (Stage 1) Accrue 10 patients. If more than 1 experience at least one unacceptable DLT during the first treatment cycle, the regimen will be considered to have unacceptable toxicity, and accrual will be temporarily closed, to review all relevant data and consider modifying the regimen to improve safety. If 1 or no patients have an unacceptable DLT in the first treatment cycle, then continue. (Stage 2) Accrue 20 more patients. If 7 or more experience at least one unacceptable DLT in the first treatment cycle, temporarily close the study for possible dosing-safety modifications. If 6 or fewer have an unacceptable DLT in the first treatment cycle, it is reasonable to assume that the combination therapy is safe.	Up to 10 courses

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Overall Response Evaluated in This Study Using the New International Criteria Proposed by the Revised Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)	Number of patients where best overall response is a complete response (CR)-[disappearance of all target lesions and disappearance of any other measureable disease], a very Good Partial Response (VGPR)- [>90% decrease of the disease measurement for CT/MRI lesions, taking as reference the disease measurement done to confirm measurable disease at study entry. Non-target CT/MRI lesions stable to smaller in size], or partial Response (PR)- [>= 30% decrease in the disease measurement, taking as reference the disease measurement done to confirm measurable disease at study entry. Non-target CT/MRI lesions stable to smaller in size], and maintains the response. It is possible that a subject's response to therapy may not occur until after several months of treatment. In order to prevent bias, the maximum duration of time/treatment over which a subject's response is to be assessed for determination of the best overall response is after the completion of up to 10 courses.	Every two cycles (each cycle lasts 28 days)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Children's Oncology Group
• Collaborators: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Suzanne Shusterman, MD, Children's Oncology Group

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 31, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): September 30, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 12, 2011
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 12, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): April 13, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 21, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 4, 2019
• Last Verified: October 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neoplasms by Histologic Type; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial; Neuroectodermal Tumors; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral; Neuroblastoma; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Immunologic Factors; Dermatologic Agents; Sargramostim; Isotretinoin
• Other Study ID Numbers: ANBL1021; U10CA098543 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract); NCI-2011-02672 (Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program)); CDR0000698589 (Other Identifier: Clinical Trials.gov); COG-ANBL1021 (Other Identifier: Children's Oncology Group)