Comparison of 2 Beta Blocker Drugs on Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With High Blood Pressure (ENCOMPASS)

Effect of Nebivolol Compared With Metoprolol in Hypertensive Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease

This is a 26-week, prospective double-blind, randomized pilot trial of nebivolol versus an active control, metoprolol succinate, in patients with established lower-extremity peripheral artery disease, hypertension, and at least moderate risk for coronary artery disease.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Hypertension; Peripheral Artery Disease
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: nebivolol; Drug: Metoprolol succinate

Detailed Description

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects up to an estimated 16-29% of men and women over age 50, and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Beta-blockers have been shown to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and death in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and are indicated for the treatment of hypertension in patients with PAD. However, there is a theoretical risk that antihypertensive therapy may decrease limb perfusion pressure and therefore exacerbate symptoms of claudication or limb ischemia. Patients with CAD and concomitant PAD are less likely to be prescribed beta-blockers, even though most patients are able to tolerate antihypertensive therapy without worsening of symptoms.

The third generation beta-blocker, nebivolol, has vasodilating properties in addition to beta-adrenergic blockade. This vasodilatory effect is mediated through the L-arginine-nitric oxide-dependent pathway. Nitric oxide is a critical modulator of vascular disease with effects that lead to vasodilatation, endothelial regeneration, inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis and inhibition of platelet adhesion. This combination of beta-blockade and nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation may enhance effectiveness and tolerability of nebivolol versus other beta-blockers in patients with hypertension, CAD or high-risk state, and PAD.

This study will be a pilot comparative effectiveness study to examine the effect of nebivolol versus metoprolol succinate in patients with lower-extremity PAD and at least moderate risk for CAD on PAD symptoms as measured by both functional and quality of life measures.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 17
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19107
      • Thomas Jefferson University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women 45 years of age or older
• Able to give informed consent and complete scheduled visits
• Mild-moderate bilateral lower extremity peripheral arterial disease as defined by an ankle-brachial index (ABI measurement of 0.6-0.9. If a subject has baseline claudication symptoms, the symptoms must be stable for the 3 months preceding enrollment.
• History of hypertension. Blood pressure at the screening visit must be ≤160/100 mmHg and ≥100/60 mmHg for all subjects. If a subject is currently prescribed beta-blocker therapy, BP at the screening visit must be ≤140/90 mmHg. In addition, heart rate must be ≥55 beats per minute if currently prescribed a beta-blocker and ≤60 beats per minute if not currently prescribed a beta-blocker.
• At least moderate risk for CAD.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participation in another clinical trial
• Ongoing ischemic (resting) limb pain, or lower extremity ulceration due to arterial insufficiency, or an ABI indicating <0.6 indicating disease potentially requiring revascularization
• History of limb or digit amputation due to arterial insufficiency
• Revascularization of peripheral vessels within the preceding 6 months
• Uncontrolled hypertension as defined by systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg
• Contraindication or allergy to beta blocker therapy
• History of myocardial infarction , coronary revascularization, or a cerebrovascular event within the preceding 6 months
• Class III or IV angina
• Current or past history of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV heart failure
• Inability to walk on a treadmill for any reason
• Regular use of nitroglycerin or nitrates including oral, transdermal ointment or patch, or sublingual, translingual spray and/or combination agents containing nitrates
• Active liver, pulmonary, infectious or inflammatory process
• History of malignancy within preceding 5 years (excluding basal or squamous cell skin cancer)
• History of any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigators, renders it unsafe for the subject to be enrolled

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: nebivolol; nebivolol 1 to 4 capsules daily	Drug: nebivolol; Study medication will initially be dispensed as one capsule daily and the dose will be titrated at the study visits. Nebivolol is approved for hypertension treatment at a dose of 5-40 mg daily. Based on the study titration schedule, the maximum doses used will be 20 mg of nebivolol (each maximum dose being contained in 4 capsules for daily dosing).; Other Names: Bystolic
Active Comparator: metoprolol succinate; metoprolol 1 to 4 capsules daily	Drug: Metoprolol succinate; Study medication will initially be dispensed as one capsule daily and the dose will be titrated at study visits. Metoprolol succinate at 25-400 mg daily. Based on the study titration schedule, the maximum dose used will be 200 mg of metoprolol succinate (each maximum dose being contained in 4 capsules for daily dosing).; Other Names: Toprol XL

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Peak Walking Time (PWT)	Change in peak walking time (PWT) is measured in seconds. The PWT is defined as when walking on a treadmill cannot continue due to maximal leg pain, resulting in the discontinuation of the treadmill test.	Baseline PWT is measured at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ankle-brachial Index (ABI)	Change in measurement of Ankle-brachial index (ABI). The ABI is the ratio of the blood pressure measured in the lower legs to the blood pressure measured in the arms.	Baseline ABI is measured at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks
Claudication Onset Time (COT)	Change in measurement of claudication onset time (COT). The COT is defined as the time when a patient first experienced pain walking during a treadmill test.	Baseline COT is measured at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.
Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) - Change Calf Pain	Change in calf pain as captured by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ). A 5 point Likert scale scoring ranges from 1) No Difficulty, 2) Slight Difficulty, 3) Some Difficulty, 4) Much Difficulty, and 5) Great Difficulty. The scores are determined by dividing the score by the maximum possible score and then multiplying by 100. The score ranges from 0-100 with lower scores indicating greater pain.	Baseline WIQ is completed at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.
Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) - Change in Buttock Pain	Change in buttock pain as captured by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ). A 5 point Likert scale scoring ranges from 1) No Difficulty, 2) Slight Difficulty, 3) Some Difficulty, 4) Much Difficulty, and 5) Great Difficulty. The scores are determined by dividing the score by the maximum possible score and then multiplying by 100. The score ranges from 0-100 with lower scores indicating greater pain.	Baseline WIQ is completed at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.
Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) - Change in WIQ Distance Score	Change in distance score as captured by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) distance score subscale. The degree of difficulty in the walking of specific distances is ranked on a 0 to 4 Likert scale, in which 0 represents the inability to walk the distance and 4 represents no difficulty. A Likert scale is an ordinal scale of consecutive, equidistant, numerical values (ie, 0 to 4). The distances assessed in the WIQ range from walking indoors around the home to walking 5 blocks (1500 feet). The items on the subscale are weighted according to the difficulty of walking. The distance score is determined by dividing the total weighted score by the greatest possible weighted score and multiplying by 100. Scores range from 0-100.	Baseline WIQ is completed at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.
Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) - Change in WIQ Speed Score	Change in speed score as captured by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) speed score subscale. In the walking speed component, the degree of difficulty walking is ranked on a 0 to 4 scale where speed is assessed for each of the following speeds: at the following speeds: 1, slowly; 2, average speed; 3, quickly; or 4, running or jogging 1 block. Zero represents the inability to walk the specified speed, and 4 represents no difficulty. The items on the subscale are weighted according to the difficulty of the task. The speed score is determined by dividing the total weighted score by the greatest possible weighted score and multiplying by 100. Scores range from 0-100.	Baseline WIQ is completed at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.
Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) - Change in WIQ Stairs Score	Change in stairs score as captured by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) stairs subscale. This scale item asks the subject to describe the degree of difficulty climbing one, two, or three flights of stairs in the past week. A flight of stairs is defined as 14 steps. A 5 point Likert scale scoring ranges from 1) No Difficulty, 2) Slight Difficulty, 3) Some Difficulty, 4) Much Difficulty, 5) Unable to Do, or 6) Didn Do for Other Reasons. The items on the subscale are weighted according to the difficulty of the task. The stairs score is determined by dividing the total weighted score by the greatest possible weighted score and multiplying by 100. Scores range from 0-100.	Baseline WIQ is completed at the time of enrollment and again at the final study visit at 26 weeks.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Thomas Jefferson University
• Collaborators: Forest Laboratories
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Danielle Duffy, MD, Thomas Jefferson University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 1, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 24, 2011
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 21, 2011
• First Posted (Estimate): December 26, 2011

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 17, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 2, 2014
• Last Verified: December 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adrenergic Antagonists; Adrenergic Agents; Neurotransmitter Agents; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Vasodilator Agents; Autonomic Agents; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Adrenergic Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Sympatholytics; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists; Nebivolol; Metoprolol
• Other Study ID Numbers: 11C.18