Doula Support for Young Mothers: A Randomized Trial

The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of a doula home visiting intervention on young, low-income mothers' birth outcomes, breastfeeding, postpartum depressive symptoms, and parenting, and on their children's development.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Depression, Postpartum; Parenting; Breastfeeding
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Doula

Detailed Description

The goal of this study is to evaluate a doula home visiting model -- sometimes called the "community doula model." This model differs from typical hospital based doula interventions in several ways. Doulas are providers from the same community backgrounds as their clients. Services are not just provided during labor and delivery, but throughout the final trimester and during the first weeks after delivery. Prenatal and postpartum services are provided in the homes of the mothers. The model was developed specifically for working with low-income mothers and with young mothers.

A two-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted at the University of Chicago Hospitals. Participants were recruited through two out-patient obstetric clinics affiliated with the Hospitals. The clinics primarily served a low-income, African-American population, reflective of the families in the communities near to the hospital. The study was open to all young women receiving prenatal care at the clinics who met age and eligibility criteria. After providing informed consent and completing a baseline interview, participants were randomized into two groups. The experimental group, in addition to receiving regular clinical care, received weekly home visiting services from a doula and the support of a doula at the hospital during labor and delivery. Doulas worked with their clients until three months postpartum. The control group received standard clinical care and had access to social work case management.

Four paraprofessional doulas delivered the study intervention. Before providing study services, doulas had been trained to provide childbirth education, labor support, breastfeeding education, and parent-child interaction support.

Followup research assessments of the doula and control group mothers and infants were conducted during the first three days postpartum, at 4 months postpartum, at 12 months postpartum, and at 24 months postpartum. 80% of the sample was retained through the 24 month followup assessment. Follow up assessments involved interviews with the mothers, videotaping of mother-infant interaction, and behavioral assessment of the infants. Obstetric and newborn hospital medical charts were also reviewed.

The study evaluated outcomes that have been the focus of prior studies of hospital-only doula services: use of obstetrical intervention in labor and delivery (anesthesia, surgical delivery), mother labor efficacy, breastfeeding, and maternal depression. A major contribution of this study is to explore longer term outcomes not evaluated in prior studies of doula intervention, particularly parenting and child development outcomes. The study evaluated multiple dimensions of parenting including parenting behavior (sensitivity, stimulation), parenting efficacy, parenting attitudes, and parenting stress. Child development outcomes included cognitive development and early behavior problems.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 248
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Illinois
    • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637
      • University of Chicago

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 12 years to 19 years (Child, Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• pregnant and less than 34 weeks gestation
• planning to deliver at study hospital
• between ages 14 and 21

Exclusion Criteria:

• planning to move out of community after giving birth
• planning to give up custody of infant
• prior c-section delivery

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Doula; Mothers received doula home visiting services in addition to normal prenatal and obstetric clinical care and had access to social work case management.	Behavioral: Doula; This intervention included doulas providing weekly home visits during the last trimester of pregnancy and up to three months postpartum. Home visits focused on prenatal health, preparation for childbirth, breastfeeding education, and developing a relationship with the baby. Doulas also were present in the hospital during labor, delivery, and postpartum providing emotional support, non-medical comfort measures, and breastfeeding counseling.
No Intervention: Usual Care; Mothers received normal prenatal and obstetric clinical care and had access to social work case management.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Breastfeeding Initiation		Three days postpartum
Positive parenting behavior (Parent Child Observation Guide)	Videotaped interactions between mothers and infants coded by masked observers	4 months postpartum

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Breastfeeding duration		4- and 12 months postpartum
Positive parenting behaviors (Parent Child Observation Guide)	Videotaped interactions between mothers and infants coded by masked observers	12- and 24 months postpartum
Use of labor anesthesia		Start of labor through childbirth
Labour Agentry Scale	The Labour Agentry Scale is a self-report scale that assesses maternal feelings of efficacy during labor	1 day postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI)	The AAPI is a self report scale that measures appropriate parenting attitudes	4 months postpartum
Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale	The Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale is a self report scale that measures parenting efficacy with regard to infant care.	4-, 12-, and 24 months postpartum
Parenting Stress Index (PSI)	The PSI is a self report scale that measures parenting stress and parent perceptions of the difficulty of her child	4-, 12-, and 24 months postpartum
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)	The CES-D is a self report scale that measures depressive symptoms experienced in the prior week.	4-, 12-, and 24 months postpartum
Timing of solid food introduction to infant		4- and 12 months postpartum
The Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)	The BITSEA is a parent report measure that assesses problem behaviors and social competence in infants and toddlers.	12- and 24 months postpartum
Mullen Scales of Early Learning	The Mullen is an assessment tool that measures child motor, cognitive, and language development. Trained assessors administered the instrument to the toddlers of study mothers.	24 months postpartum

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Chicago
• Collaborators: HRSA/Maternal and Child Health Bureau
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sydney L Hans, PhD, University of Chicago

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Edwards RC, Thullen MJ, Korfmacher J, Lantos JD, Henson LG, Hans SL. Breastfeeding and complementary food: randomized trial of community doula home visiting. Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132 Suppl 2:S160-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1021P.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2001
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2006
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2006

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 14, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 16, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): August 20, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): September 5, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 4, 2013
• Last Verified: September 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Breastfeeding; Parenting; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Doulas
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Mood Disorders; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders; Depressive Disorder; Depression, Postpartum
• Other Study ID Numbers: R40 MC 00203