Digital Gaming for Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury (PLAY)

Digital Gaming Used to Improve the Cognitive Functioning and Well-being of People With Traumatic Brain Injury: a Feasibility Study

The purpose of this feasibility study is to determine whether digital games are effective and acceptable in the treatment for patients with traumatic brain injury.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Brain Injuries; TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury); Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Traumatic Brain Injury; Injury, Brain, Traumatic
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: The rehabilitation gaming; Behavioral: The entertaining gaming

Detailed Description

This is a feasibility study using a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial with three arms.

The study will be conducted within the Turku University Hospital, Division of Clinical Neurosciences (Operational Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Brain Trauma in collaboration with former neurology outpatient clinic and rehabilitation units of the university hospital). The Division is specialized in demanding neurological and psychiatric inpatient rehabilitation, inter-professional neurological education, rehabilitative examinations, and the inpatient and outpatient care of traumatic brain injuries. In each year, about 500 patients are admitted in the Division services units.

The recruitment will be focused on patients who have been discharged from the Turku University Hospital, Division of Clinical Neurosciences at least one year before the starting day of the recruitment process. Based on the previous literature, using games in longer interventions will be facilitated if training is provided in the persons' home, due to easier access and reduced impact on school or work activities (Burbea et al. 2011).

The randomisation and patient allocation will be fully centralized; we will use a central randomization service by the University of Turku. The randomization will be targeted on patients who have been hospitalized in Turku University Hospital and who are registered in the Hospital electronic medical records. The study will be individually randomized. Allocation will be computer generated. The participants will be randomly assigned in numbers via computerized assignment developed by the independent Trial Statistician and implemented by the Research Assistant who are trained for patient randomization and data collection.

Participants and the investigators enrolling the patient recruitment and randomization will not foresee assignment. Allocation will be masked to participants in two intervention groups; participants will be aware about the gaming intervention, but not which one is the experimental and which is the comparator. Investigators will not be masked to group allocation, while data analysts (outcome assessor) will be kept blinded to the allocation. As far as we are aware, there will be no contact between participants in different groups; participants are living in wide geographic area in the catchment area of Southwest Hospital District.

To capture a representative sample of patients, the Turku University Hospital electronic medical records will be used. The medical records will be accessed by the authority of the Chief medical doctor of the Hospital and screened by the Research Assistant. All patients with TBI diagnosis will be screened to find out patients who fulfill the eligibility criteria for the study participation.

Those patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be contacted with the telephone call by the Research Assistant. A preliminary description of the study will be offered and the inclusion criteria for the study will be described to them. The participants are able to answer whether they fulfill the specific inclusion criteria and their preliminary interest toward the study will be asked.

Those who fulfill the inclusion criteria and are willing to participate in the study, will receive postal information of the study, two items of informed consent forms, questionnaires to be filled at home (baseline data), and a short description of eight entertainment games to be used (if allocated into the control group). Further, possible participants are aware that after 1-2 weeks they will receive another call from the Research Assistant. This will ensure that possible participants have enough time to read all material, ask questions, and make their decision whether to participate in the study or not (and what type of game they would like to play if allocated into the control group).

During the second telephone call, those who are willing to participate in the study will get information about practical arrangement of the study and the place of the data collection. They are also informed that all travel costs will be covered and that the time for face-to-face meeting may take totally 1-1.5 hours. Participants are also aware that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time. At the end of the telephone call, a specific time for the face-to-face meeting with the Research Assistant will be arranged.

During the face-to-face meeting at the University of Turku, it will be ensured that participants will fulfill the inclusion criteria. If a patient fulfills the criteria, a signed written informed consent will be returned/obtained. Should a person consent, their pre-filled baseline data will be gathered. The Research Assistant will receive this information by email, text message or telephone call. Cognitive measurement will be also conducted by the psychologist. After that eligible patients will be informed to Trial Manager who allocates patients in one of the three arms of the trial based on computer generated randomization list (intervention vs. control group vs. "As-usual"). Recruitment will continue until the required data has been received.

Criteria for the feasibility:

• Willingness to participate 80 % (refusal rate 20 %)
• We will expect that more than 75% of the prescheduled measurements would be performed (adherence)
• Less than 25 % of participants would drop out due to any reason (adherence)
• The acceptability of the game use would be at least 95% (in intervention and control groups) (adherence)
• Usability evaluation for the gaming system would be at least 80% (1 item; dichotomous scale yes/no) (usability)
• More than 80% will be satisfied with the games (1 item; dichotomous scale, yes/no) (satisfaction)
• We will expect that 60% are willing to use the games later as part of their recovery process (use in the future)

The calculations for sample size needed in each group are preliminary estimations to guide our data collection. This has been performed with two outcome variables used in this study: a) TMT version A (Lezak et al. 2004) and b) depression (PHQ-9, Kroenke et al. 2001).

1. Let's assume that the average level of the TMT version A score is about 71 and the mean change in the scores during the follow-up is 30. Let's assume that the standard deviation of the TMT scores is 53. This difference could be expected to be significant (with power 85% on significant level 0.05) if the sample size in each group is 30 subjects.
2. Let's assume that the average level of the PHQ-9 score is about 10 and the mean change in the scores during the follow-up is 3. Let's assume that the standard deviation of PHQ-9 scores is 5. This difference could be expected to be significant (with power 85% on significant level 0.05) if the sample size in each group is 27 subjects. Conclusion: Based on these preliminary power calculations, sample size to be used in this study (30/a group) will be quite sufficient to detect significant within-group changes between baseline and follow-up in the outcome measures. However, this means that the attrition rate of the study should be near 0 %. The outcomes of this feasibility study can be used as a guide to estimate a sample size for our future study.

The cumulative monitoring data during the 8-week period regarding gaming for the total number of received parameters (frequency, timing, time) will be calculated. Information available for each patient will also be calculated (participation/refusal rate, measurement instrument filled, drop-outs, acceptability, usability, satisfaction, willingness) and compared to the highest possible representative numbers (100 % of participation rate; measurement instrument filled, drop-out rate 0 %, acceptability 100 %, usability 100%, satisfaction 100%, willingness to use games in the future 100 %).

For the secondary outcomes, all the participants will be analysed at the baseline, after 8 weeks when the intervention has been finalised, and 2 months, on all the scales as described earlier. Paired t-tests or Chi square tests will be performed to detect significant differences before and following treatment in one group. Significant differences between groups will be evaluated applying the unpaired Student's t-test using the conventional 95 % level of confidence. In all tests, p-values <0.05 were considered significant.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 90
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Finland
  • Turku, Finland, 20014
    • University of Turku

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults with age of 18 - 65 years
• Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (diagnostic criteria ICD-10, S06.X, T90.5)
• Having TV screen, computer and internet access at home
• No active digital play gamer (5 hours or less/a week)
• Able to understand, speak and/or read Finnish language
• Willing to participate in the study based on their own free will (a signed written informed consent form)
• Discharged from the neurologic treatment period due to traumatic brain injury over 12 months before possible recruitment
• No active participation in cognitive rehabilitation during the last 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age below 18 years or over 65 years of old
• Active digital game player (over 5 hours/a week)
• Sensory, cognitive or physical (severe cognitive impairment, deficiency preventing the use of regular computers unaided or computer game control system (impairment in vision, severe astigmatism, hemiplegia, disorder in visuospatial perception, dysfunction of the central vestibular system)
• Inability to understand, speak and/or read Finnish language
• Apathy identified in previous neuropsychological evaluations
• Diagnosed severe mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia or severe depressive disorders to be identified as the secondary diagnosis)
• Unwillingness and/or incapability to participate in the study
• Active cognitive rehabilitation during the last 3 months

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: The rehabilitation gaming; The rehabilitation gaming group (n=30) will use an internet browser-based digital brain training program CogniFit (https://www.cognifit.com), with a selection of about 33 games.The participants will use the rehabilitation gaming for at least 30 min per day over a period of 8 weeks.	Behavioral: The rehabilitation gaming; The web-based cognitive training platform CogniFit includes about 33 mini games designed with the purpose of improving the user's cognitive abilities as brain exercises. For the purpose of the research, a selection of CogniFit mini games will be included in the intervention. The mini game tasks will be adapted to players' skills getting more difficult as the players progress. The game tasks are targeting different cognitive abilities such as memory, visual-spatial ability, attention, tracking and fast decision making.
Active Comparator: The entertaining gaming; The entertaining gaming group (n = 30) will use commercial digital games with Sony Playstation 3 (PS3) consoles, played with wireless Sony DualShock gamepad controllers. The participants will be guided to play the console for at least 30 min per day over a period of 8 weeks	Behavioral: The entertaining gaming; The gameplay will consist of these main elements: 1) the player will be playing the main character of the game, 2) the character will be presented for the player from an isometric perspective, 3) the player will control the character by navigating in partly open-ended 3D environments in which the player must decide a direction and move towards it by avoiding obstacles; 4) the player will engage with real-time action events and act quickly by making strategic and tactical decisions; 5) the player must memorize locations, characters, dialogue and tasks; as well as 6) track, follow or aim at several objects simultaneously. Gaming requires also patience as participants can only make progress in games by trial and error.
No Intervention: "Do-nothing"; The passive control group "Do-nothing" group (n = 30) will not have gaming activities organized by the project.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Processing speed and visuomotor tasks (Trail Making Test (TMT), WAIS-IV tasks)	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Attention and executive functions (Simon task)	Simon task	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention
Working memory (The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), WAIS-IV)	The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), WAIS-IV	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention
Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)	Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention
Self-efficacy (General Self-efficacy Scale (GSC)	General Self-efficacy Scale (GSC)	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention
Executive functions (The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A)	The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A)	follow-up on 3 months after the last intervention
Feasibility (adherence)	Adherence: willingness to participate in the study (participation/refusal); follow-up measurement instruments filled in three different time lines (yes/no); drop-out for any reason (yes/no); involvement in the interventions for 8 weeks period (yes/no) Usability: "Was the game usable?" (yes/no) Satisfaction: "Have you been satisfied with the game?" (yes/no) Use: "Would you like to use the game in the future?" (yes/no/maybe)	at baseline, during the intervention and after the intervention (in 8 weeks)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Turku
• Collaborators: Turku University Hospital; The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES); Oy Nordisk Film Ab / Playstation; The Finnish Association of People with Physical Disabilities; TribeFlame Oy; BCB Medical; Validia Kuntoutus Oy; Kuntoutus Orton Oy; Serious Games Finland Oy
• Investigators: Study Director: Maritta Välimäki, Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku; Study Director: Aki Koponen, Dr., School of Economics, Centre of Collaborative Research, University of Turku

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Valimaki M, Korkeila J, Kauppi K, Kaakinen JK, Holm S, Vahlo J, Tenovuo O, Hamalainen H, Sarajuuri J, Rantanen P, Orenius T, Koponen A. Digital Gaming for Improving the Functioning of People With Traumatic Brain Injury: Protocol of a Feasibility Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 Feb 9;5(1):e6. doi: 10.2196/resprot.4841.
• Valimaki M, Mishina K, Kaakinen JK, Holm SK, Vahlo J, Kirjonen M, Pekurinen V, Tenovuo O, Korkeila J, Hamalainen H, Sarajuuri J, Rantanen P, Orenius T, Koponen A. Digital Gaming for Improving the Functioning of People With Traumatic Brain Injury: Randomized Clinical Feasibility Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Mar 19;20(3):e77. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7618.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): April 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 20, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 23, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): April 24, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 5, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 3, 2020
• Last Verified: November 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Video Games; Traumatic Brain Injury; Brain Injuries
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Craniocerebral Trauma; Trauma, Nervous System; Brain Injuries; Wounds and Injuries; Brain Injuries, Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: 40109/14