CABI: Antibiotic Duration for Complicated Intra-ABdominal Infection (CABI)

June 2, 2021 updated by: Andrew Kirby, University of Leeds

The CABI Trial: An Unblinded Parallel Group Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Long Course Antibiotic Therapy (28 Days) Compared to Short Course (≤10 Days) in the Prevention of Complicated Intra-ABdominal Infection Relapses in Adults Treated for Complicated Intra-ABdominal Infection

Complicated intra-ABdominal Infections (CABIs) are abdominal infections where there is an abscess inside the abdomen, or a hole (perforation) in an abdominal organ such that infected material e.g. faeces, leaks into the abdominal cavity. A recent review of CABIs after gut surgery found that they can occur in several ways. They can occur in different parts of the abdomen, can be different sizes, and may or may not be caused by a perforated bowel. Management includes, where possible, surgical drainage of an abscess or treatment of the damaged bowel. In addition, all patients are given antibiotic therapy. Despite the varied ways that CABIs occur, we currently tend to treat all CABIs with antibiotics in a similar way. CABIs are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite a significant amount of disease there is little clinical evidence with which to base treatment on. One research study evaluated a short course of antibiotics (4 days) compared with a longer course (up to 10 days) in combination with surgical removal of infection. There was little difference in outcomes, but in both groups about 1 out of every 7 patients had a relapse. A recent review of patients with CABI in Leeds, not in a research study and where surgical removal infection is uncommon and antibiotic durations were short, showed that the risk of relapse was even higher (about 1 in every 3 patients). The antibiotic management of CABIs in the UK is variable and involves giving between 4 days to 28 days of antibiotics.

In summary, there is an unacceptably high relapse rate in patients treated for CABI, and uncertainty about the best length of antibiotic therapy that should be used to prevent these relapses. We therefore propose to investigate if long course antibiotic therapy (28 days) is more effective than short course antibiotics (≤10 days) in preventing relapses of CABI.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Complicated intra-abdominal infection (CABI) extends beyond the hollow viscus of origin into the peritoneal space and is associated with either abscess formation or peritonitis [Solomkin 2010]. CABIs are heterogeneous in aetiology and include spontaneous infections arising from a perforated viscus, including the stomach, biliary tree, colon, appendix and reproductive organs. In addition there are post-operative complications such as peritonitis, abscess, and failure of surgical anastomoses. CABIs are also heterogeneous in their characteristics. A recent review of organ space Surgical Site Infections (SSI-Os) after colorectal surgery demonstrated that infections were varied with regard their location, as well as size and number and nature of collections, and presence of an ongoing source e.g. anastomotic breakdown (Rothwell 2016). Despite the varied origin of these infections, there are similar management strategies which centre on the source control, e.g. drainage of intra-abdominal fluid collections, and administration of antibiotic therapy. CABIs are a common in-hospital clinical challenge, in part due to the varied pathology they are caused by, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality (DeFrances 2005, Brun-Buisson 1995). Despite this burden of disease, there is little clinical evidence with which to base treatment on, even before taking account of their heterogeneous nature. One study of CABI following source control procedures evaluated a short course of antibiotics (4 days) compared to a course of up to 2 weeks after clinical and biochemical improvement (up to 10 days). Whilst there was little difference in outcomes, both groups had a high relapse rate of approximately 15%. In addition, it is common for source control procedures not to be completed in routine clinical practice, being completed in only 17% of Leeds patients with post-operative CABI (Rothwell 2016). In this Leeds data of post-operative CABIs, where source control rates are low relapse rates were 40% (Rothwell 2016). For CABI infections, standard UK management is variable and involves between 4 and 42 days' antibiotics. This indicates an unacceptably high relapse rate in patients treated for CABI where source control is and is not undertaken. We therefore propose to investigate if long course antibiotic therapy (28 days) is clinically more effective than short course antibiotics (4 days) in preventing relapses of CABI. This study will include patients who have and have not undergone source control procedures which will be completed as per standard practice.

Complicated intra-abdominal infections require source control when possible, e.g. a surgical procedure to remove an infection, and antibiotic therapy to obtain cure. Source control is not always possible. CABIs are associated with mortality and prolongation of hospitalisation. After apparently effective treatment, potentially including source control procedures and antibiotics, infections can relapse. There are a number of reasons for relapse; one is that antibiotic treatment may not have been given for long enough to eradicate the bacteria from, what should be, a sterile intra-abdominal cavity. Antibiotics are given until a patient is better, but not until all bacteria are eradicated, allowing them to regrow and re-start an infection. Standard antibiotic duration is variable: some doctors provide long courses and others short. We therefore want to compare durations, to see if longer courses of antibiotics are able to help prevent these relapses, or if shorter courses are as effective but have fewer side effects. We have not identified closely related strategies which may optimise the management of CABIs.

The research hypothesis is therefore: In patients with CABI, regardless of source control intervention, there will be a lower relapse rate when treated with 28 days of antibiotics compared to ≤10 days of antibiotics.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

31

Phase

  • Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United Kingdom
    • Yorkshire
      • Leeds, Yorkshire, United Kingdom, LS1 3EX
        • Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

16 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adults >18 years
  • The diagnosis of a definite CABI
  • Capable of giving informed consent
  • No practical or clinical barriers to consuming 28 days of antibiotic therapy, which may include consumption of antibiotics at home

Exclusion Criteria:

  • a CABI diagnosed within the previous year
  • a CABI diagnosed >6 days prior to screening
  • uncomplicated cholecystitis/cholangitis/gall bladder empyema (no perforation or extra-biliary abscess
  • a skin and soft tissue infection/abscess not communicating with the peritoneal space
  • primary complicated or uncomplicated appendicitis managed surgically
  • intra-abdominal infection associated with pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, primary (spontaneous) bacterial peritonitis (SBP), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis (CAPD peritonitis) and Clostridium difficile infection. concurrent infection requiring more than 10 days of therapy
  • Infection with a highly resistant bacterium such that antibiotic treatment is considered to be a significantly sub-optimal by the treating microbiologist e.g. multi-resistant carbapenemase producing Entrobacteriacea

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Long course antibiotic therapy (28 days)
Antibiotic therapy for a duration of 28 days
Other: 28 days of antibiotics
Antibiotic duration
Active Comparator: Short course antibiotic therapy (≤10 days)
Antibiotic therapy for a duration of ≤10 days
Other: < 10 days of antibiotics
Antibiotic duration

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Number of participants willing to be randomised, the willingness of clinicians to allow participants to be recruited & follow up rates.
Time Frame: 90 days
Screening logs, recruitment rates and follow up rates will be recorded to determine the feasibility of performing a larger study.
90 days
Number of participants who have their antibiotic therapy changed as a consequence of allocation to a certain treatment arm.
Time Frame: Either ≤ 10 days or 28 days depending on allocation.
Antibiotic therapy received including any changes to treatment will be recorded.
Either ≤ 10 days or 28 days depending on allocation.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
The number of participants who relapse after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection.
Time Frame: 90 days
Frequency of complicated intra-abdominal infection (CABI) relapse with 90 days. A relapse can only occur after surgical and antibiotic therapy to manage the primary CABI has been considered successful. This will normally be demonstrated by antibiotics being stopped and no further source control procedures planned. The diagnosis of a definite CABI relapse defined as 'a combination of radiological AND clinical features consistent with CABI including a fluid collection, a temperature of ≥38 degrees and a neutrophilia (neutrophil count > 7.5 x 10*9/L) or Intra-operative confirmation of an abscess'. The diagnosis of a probable CABI relapse will be defined as ' in the absence of radiological imaging, but where no other source of infection was identified, and the patient was managed for a relapsed CABI'
90 days
Number of all infections after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection
Time Frame: 90 days
The diagnosis of hospital acquired infections will be based on either a clinical diagnosis based on physician assessment or on definitions outlined by the 'Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute-care hospitals' https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/542039/ECDC_PHE_HAI_AU_PPS_2016_single_codebook.pdf
90 days
Total antibiotic consumption
Time Frame: 90 days
Days of antibiotic therapy within 90 days of antibiotic therapy
90 days
Length of hospital stay within 90 days of diagnosis
Time Frame: 90 days
The length of hospital stay after diagnosis of complicated intra-abdominal infection
90 days
Mortality rate after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection.
Time Frame: 90 days
Assessed by the 90 day mortality after diagnosis of a complicated intra-abdominal infection.
90 days
The number of participants with complications from antibiotic therapy including Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) diarrhoea and catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI)
Time Frame: 90 days
Measured by the rate of adverse events, CDI and CRBSI within 90 days of diagnosis.
90 days
The number of source control procedures required for the management of CABI
Time Frame: 90 days
Measured by the number source control procedures required for the management of CABI within 90 days of CABI diagnosis.
90 days
Quality of life after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection
Time Frame: Baseline, at 30 days, at 90 days and (if occurs) at time of relapse
Assessed by a quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D)
Baseline, at 30 days, at 90 days and (if occurs) at time of relapse
Feasibility of using scoring systems in complicated intra-abdominal infections
Time Frame: 90 days
Measured by the ability to gather the data required to complete severity scores
90 days

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

University of Leeds

Collaborators

The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Andrew Kirby, MBChB, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

August 1, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

September 1, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

September 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

August 23, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

August 25, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

August 29, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

June 3, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

June 2, 2021

Last Verified

June 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • MB16/156

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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