- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03802552
Cefadroxil and Cephalexin Drug Levels and Dosing in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections
Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Cefadroxil and Cephalexin for Pediatric Musculoskeletal (MSK) Infections
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
This study aims to shift the current treatment paradigm for the use of oral first-generation cephalosporins in pediatric musculoskeletal (MSK) infections. Optimizing treatment for MSK infections is particularly important, as osteomyelitis is one of the most common severe infections affecting children. Treatment for these infections has markedly improved over the last few decades, but significant morbidity is still seen, including the possibility of permanent disability due to pathologic fracture, growth arrest, and joint destruction. To avoid these long term sequelae and recrudescent infection, early diagnosis, appropriate therapy, and prolonged treatment courses (typically 4-6 weeks, or longer) are essential.
The most commonly used antibiotic for MSK infections is cephalexin, a first-generation cephalosporin. It is well tolerated, provides good tissue penetration, and has a preferred spectrum of activity for typical MSK pathogens, including methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Despite cephalexin's widespread use, its most significant disadvantage is its short plasma half-life. Because of this, cephalexin is traditionally dosed four times daily (QID) for serious infections like osteomyelitis. However, this dosing frequency, especially for prolonged treatment courses, proves difficult for both patients and their families. Concern about poor adherence drives some providers to prolong IV therapy or dose cephalexin three times daily (TID), though there are insufficient pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) or outcome data to support TID dosing.
Cefadroxil, another first-generation cephalosporin, is an appealing alternative to cephalexin due to its longer half-life. Because of this, the investigators hypothesize that cefadroxil could be used effectively in pediatric patients with MSK infections with a more convenient dosing schedule than cephalexin. While cephalexin is typically dosed 3-4 times per day, cefadroxil could likely be dosed 2-3 times per day, even for serious infections like osteomyelitis. However, cefadroxil is rarely prescribed to children due to a lack of pediatric PK/PD data to guide dosing. Our study aims to address this unmet need and help physicians use these existing drugs in smarter and more effective ways in pediatric MSK infections.
The specific aims of this study are to:
- Use a Population PK approach to define comparative PK parameters of cefadroxil and cephalexin in pediatric patients with MSK infections (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pyomyositis).
- Establish reference MIC ranges for both cefadroxil and cephalexin against MSSA isolates.
- Perform pharmacodynamic modeling (Monte Carlo simulation) based on the above PK parameters and MIC data to evaluate the expected PK/PD target attainment of cefadroxil and cephalexin at different dosing intervals: cephalexin given as 3 vs. 4 divided doses per day; cefadroxil given as 2 vs. 3 doses against a range of MICs.
To answer these questions, patients with MSK infections admitted to Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO) will be enrolled in this study and sequentially given doses of both cefadroxil and cephalexin. After each oral dose, serum levels of the antibiotic will be measured at set time points until the drug is expected to be fully cleared. They will then receive the second antibiotic after a 24-hour washout period. MIC ranges will be measured based on banked MSSA isolates. Based on these study-derived PK and MIC data, adequacy of the studied cephalexin and cefadroxil dosing regimens will be analyzed.
If the study is able to confirm a favorable PK/PD profile for twice daily (BID) and/or three times daily (TID) cefadroxil dosing in children, even for severe infections, it could have an immediate impact on prescribing habits. Less frequent dosing would be an improvement over the current standard of care, allowing for easier medication administration, improved adherence, and increased provider confidence for early transition to oral therapy, which are all essential for optimal treatment of pediatric MSK infections.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Phase 1
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
Colorado
-
Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
- Children's Hospital Colorado
-
-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
Children who are admitted to Children's Hospital Colorado and:
- Are to be treated for a deep musculoskeletal infection (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pyomyositis), as determined by their primary medical team
- Are aged 6 months to 18 years
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients will be excluded if they:
- Are less than 6 months of age or greater than 18 years of age
- Weigh less than 5.5 kg
- Weigh greater than the 95%ile for age
- Have underlying current renal disease based on medical history
- Have an underlying chronic medical condition-examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, hepatitis, immunodeficiency, cancer, spina bifida, chromosomal abnormalities, cerebral palsy, or metabolic disorders.
- Have a history of significant drug allergy to any beta-lactam antibiotic (e.g. anaphylaxis and/or angioedema)
- Are on an oral cephalosporin at time of enrollment
Are started on an oral cephalosporin during the study
o Note: If an enrolled patient is started on an oral cephalosporin prior to completion of the study, they will be removed from the study. However, data obtained prior to their receipt of an oral cephalosporin will still be included in the analysis.
- Are known to be pregnant
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Basic Science
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Cefadroxil then Cephalexin
Receive cefadroxil first, then receive cephalexin after washout.
|
oral one-time dose of cefadroxil
Other Names:
oral one-time dose of cephalexin
Other Names:
|
Experimental: Cephalexin then Cefadroxil
Receive cephalexin first, then receive cefadroxil after washout.
|
oral one-time dose of cefadroxil
Other Names:
oral one-time dose of cephalexin
Other Names:
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Time above Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (T > MIC)
Time Frame: up to 24 hours
|
As a surrogate of treatment efficacy for cefadroxil and cephalexin, the investigators will measure the time that free serum concentrations (T > MIC) of cefadroxil and cephalexin remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MSSA.
A range of MICs will be directly measured, with an expected range from 0.125 to 4.
|
up to 24 hours
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Clearance (CL/F) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the Clearance, or CL/F (L/h/kg), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Volume of Distribution (V/F) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the Volume of Distribution, or V/F (L/kg), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Half life (T1/2) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the half life, or T1/2 (hours), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Area under the curve (AUC) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the area under the curve, or AUC (h*mg/L), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Peak serum drug concentration (Cmax) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the peak serum drug concentration, or Cmax (mg/L), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Minimum serum drug concentration (Cmin) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the minimum serum drug concentration, or Cmin (mg/L), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Time at which maximal drug concentration is achieved (Tmax) of cefadroxil and cephalexin
Time Frame: Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
In defining pharmacokinetic parameters for both cephalexin and cefadroxil, the investigators will assess the time at which maximal drug concentration is achieved, or Tmax (hours), of both drugs.
|
Serum drug levels obtained at: 1, 2, 6, 8 hours (cephalexin); and 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 hours (cefadroxil)
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Andrew Haynes, MD, University of Colorado, Denver
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
- Nervous System Diseases
- Infections
- Joint Diseases
- Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Arthritis
- Muscular Diseases
- Neuromuscular Diseases
- Bone Diseases
- Suppuration
- Myositis
- Bone Diseases, Infectious
- Arthritis, Infectious
- Osteomyelitis
- Pyomyositis
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Anti-Bacterial Agents
- Cephalexin
- Cefadroxil
Other Study ID Numbers
- 18-2142
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
Clinical Trials on Osteomyelitis
-
Seattle Children's HospitalMansoura University; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Hospital for... and other collaboratorsRecruitingChronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis | Chronic Nonbacterial OsteomyelitisUnited States
-
University of LouisvilleOsteo Science FoundationNot yet recruitingOsteomyelitis of JawUnited States
-
Rigshospitalet, DenmarkRecruitingOsteomyelitis; VertebraDenmark
-
Asan Medical CenterCompletedVertebral OsteomyelitisKorea, Republic of
-
Hospices Civils de LyonRecruiting
-
Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLCCompleted
-
Hospices Civils de LyonCompletedOsteomyelitis | Hematogenous Osteomyelitis RelapseFrance
-
Nantes University HospitalCompletedVertebral Osteomyelitis | SpondylodiscitisFrance
-
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de ParisCompletedVertebral OsteomyelitisFrance
-
Seattle Children's HospitalUniversity of WashingtonRecruitingChronic Recurrent Multifocal OsteomyelitisUnited States
Clinical Trials on Cefadroxil
-
ArdelyxCompletedHealthy VolunteersUnited States
-
GlaxoSmithKlineCompletedInfections, Urinary TractEgypt
-
Teva Pharmaceuticals USACompletedHealthyUnited States, Canada
-
Teva Pharmaceuticals USACompleted
-
Stony Brook UniversityThe Plastic Surgery FoundationCompletedBreast Implantation | Bacterial Infection | Anti-infective AgentsUnited States
-
Genuine Research Center, EgyptGlaxoSmithKlineCompleted
-
Mayo ClinicEnrolling by invitationAutoimmune Diseases | Diabetes | Chronic Kidney Diseases | Tobacco Use | Overweight or Obesity | Inflammatory Disease | MRSA | Infections Joint Prosthetic | MSSA ColonizationUnited States
-
Karlstad UniversityCompleted
-
Rothman Institute OrthopaedicsEnrolling by invitation
-
National University Hospital, SingaporeCompleted