Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Immune Response and Side Effects of Cancer Treatments (CANEX-2)

Modulation of Immune Response and Side Effects of Cancer Treatments by Aerobic Exercise: Role of Exercise Intensity

Aerobic exercise is associated with many benefits in patients with cancer treatments. Among these, the reduction of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the best demonstrated. Besides, several animal models have shown a marked reduction in tumor growth with aerobic exercise, sometimes by more than 60%. As the level of physical activity is convincingly associated with a reduction in the risk of cancer or recurrences, this suggests that aerobic exercise may represent a central therapeutic approach during treatment, both against CRF and for its potential anti-tumor effect.

Both benefits have been suggested to be based on the immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Indeed, systemic inflammatory activity seems to play a central role in the etiology of CRF during cancer treatments, among other things by stimulating the neuro-inflammatory activity of the central nervous system. Also, regarding the anti-tumor effect of exercise, animal models show that this benefit is partly explained by an increase in the activity of immune cells called natural killers (Natural Killer; NK) in tumor tissue and a reduction in the activity of regulatory T cells, the latter having an immunosuppressive effect. However, in humans, the results vary. While some improvement in NK cell activity has been reported in response to aerobic training in breast cancer survivors, others have seen no effect on the immune profile of patients and survivors. On the other hand, some authors report an improvement in the inflammatory profile with training, while others report little or no effect, as well as weak associations with the perception of fatigue.

Although these results seem to discredit the hypothesis of immune and inflammatory regulation of exercise in humans, these studies have all looked at the effect of several weeks of training on the inflammatory and immune profile on an empty stomach and rest. However, several results from the field of exercise immunology convincingly show that the anti-inflammatory effect, as well as the immunostimulating effect of aerobic exercise (including the anti-tumor activity of NK cells) are mainly acute and transient, ie. in the hours following the end of the effort. Furthermore, certain results suggest that in the context of chemotherapy treatments, cyclical treatment by nature, the peaks of fatigue are also acute (i.e. in the days following the treatment) and parallel to peaks of inflammatory activity.

Considering these results, it is therefore plausible to assume that the effect of aerobic exercise on suppressing tumor growth and reducing CRF results rather than the repetition of this acute response at each exercise session. In this case, the prescription of aerobic exercise preceding a session of chemotherapy could potentially represent an interesting therapeutic modality, allowing both the reduction of the CRF associated with this treatment, as well as a better response to the treatment. Besides, as this acute response seems to be highly dependent on the intensity of the effort, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could be a particularly interesting approach in this context, because it does not require that the high intensity or long-lasting exercise. However, considering the immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory effects of chemotherapy, the extent of the acute response to exercise may not allow this type of therapeutic use to be considered in this population. To date, no study has attempted to characterize the acute immune and inflammatory response following aerobic exercise in patients currently undergoing chemotherapy treatments.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Colorectal Cancer Stage IV
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Resting state (Control); Other: Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (MICE); Other: High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE)

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 19
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Canada
  • Quebec
    • Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 4C4
      • Research Centre on Aging

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer
• At the beginning of their chemotherapy treatment
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status between grades 0 to 1
• Physically capable to realise HIIT and continous moderate aerobic exercise on ergocycle

Exclusion Criteria:

• Orthopedic, cardiac or metabolic limitations preventing aerobic effort
• Betablockers
• Surgery planned for the next two months following recruitment

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Cancer patients with MRI; 9 cancer patients will be recruited and received the 3 experimental conditions : first the rest condition (with MRI), then randomly MICE condition and HIIT condition (with MRI).	Other: Resting state (Control); Participants were asking to sit on a sofa for 50 minutes.; Other: Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (MICE); MICE condition consisted of 50 minutes of moderate and continuous aerobic exercise on ergocycle. This includes a warm-up and cool-down period at low intensity, and a 40-minute period at moderate intensity (power output is equivalent to an effort perception from 4 to 6/10 and lactate levels from 2 to 4 mmol/L, obtained by submaximal test); Other: High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE); HIIT condition consisted of a 30 minutes of aerobic exercise training perform on ergocycle. This includes a warm-up at low intensity, followed by 10 blocks of 1 minute at high intensity (power output corresponding to the highest power reached at the submaximal test and lactate levels > 4 mmol/L) and 1 minute of active cooldown (effort perception around 1-2/10).
Experimental: Cancer patients without MRI; 9 cancer patients will be recruited and received the 3 experimental conditions : first the rest condition, then randomly MICE condition and HIIT condition, all without MRI.	Other: Resting state (Control); Participants were asking to sit on a sofa for 50 minutes.; Other: Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (MICE); MICE condition consisted of 50 minutes of moderate and continuous aerobic exercise on ergocycle. This includes a warm-up and cool-down period at low intensity, and a 40-minute period at moderate intensity (power output is equivalent to an effort perception from 4 to 6/10 and lactate levels from 2 to 4 mmol/L, obtained by submaximal test); Other: High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE); HIIT condition consisted of a 30 minutes of aerobic exercise training perform on ergocycle. This includes a warm-up at low intensity, followed by 10 blocks of 1 minute at high intensity (power output corresponding to the highest power reached at the submaximal test and lactate levels > 4 mmol/L) and 1 minute of active cooldown (effort perception around 1-2/10).
Active Comparator: Healthy patients; 9 healthy patients will be recruited and received 2 experimental conditions : first the rest condition (with a MRI), then HIIT condition (with MRI).	Other: Resting state (Control); Participants were asking to sit on a sofa for 50 minutes.; Other: High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE); HIIT condition consisted of a 30 minutes of aerobic exercise training perform on ergocycle. This includes a warm-up at low intensity, followed by 10 blocks of 1 minute at high intensity (power output corresponding to the highest power reached at the submaximal test and lactate levels > 4 mmol/L) and 1 minute of active cooldown (effort perception around 1-2/10).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in the concentration of different peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Natural Killer Cells, T cells and monocytes)	Flow cytometry	Before the start of the condition (t = 0 minute), at the end of the condition (t = 50 minutes), 1 hour post-condition (t = 110 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in the concentration of inflammatory mediators in peripheral blood (chemokines, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines)	Luminex immunoassay	Before the start of the condition (t = 0 minute), At the end of the condition (t = 50 minutes), 1 hour post-condition (t = 110 minutes), 2 hour post-condition (t = 170 minutes)
Change of hormonal profile (cortisol, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline and noradrenaline)	ELISA Kits and Salivary Cortisol Enzyme ImmunoAssay Kit	Before the start of the condition (t = 0 minute), At the end of the condition (t = 50 minutes), 1 hour post-condition (t = 110 minutes), 2 hour post-condition (t = 170 minutes)
Change of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase activation	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS)	Before the start of the condition (t = 0 minute), At the end of the condition (t = 50 minutes), 1 hour post-condition (t = 110 minutes), 2 hour post-condition (t = 170 minutes)
Cancer-Related Fatigue	Visual Analogue Scale, graduated from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (extreme fatigue)	During 5 days after the day of the condition, 3 times per day
Cerebral integrity - Cerebral blood flow	Functional MRI (pcASL technique)	At the end of the condition (t = 50 minutes) within a 30-minute time window
Heart rate variability	Heart rate monitor	At the end of the condition, during 10 minutes (t = 50 minutes to t = 60 minutes)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Université de Sherbrooke

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 4, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 29, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): October 4, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 11, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 14, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): January 20, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 7, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 4, 2022
• Last Verified: November 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Digestive System Diseases; Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Digestive System Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Colonic Diseases; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Neoplasms; Rectal Diseases; Colorectal Neoplasms
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2020-3547

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No