- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT04750070
Management of Shock in Children With SAM or Severe Underweight and Diarrhea
Randomized Controlled Trial of Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Blood Transfusion for Treatment of Fluid Refractory Shock in Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition or Severe Underweight and Cholera or Other Dehydrating Diarrheas
Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five childhood mortality and accounts for 8% of 5.4 million global under-5 deaths. The coexistence of sepsis and hypovolemic shock in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) having diarrhea is common. At Dhaka hospital of icddr,b, the death rate is as high as 40% and 69% in children with severe sepsis and septic shock respectively with co-morbidities such as severe malnutrition.
The conventional management of SAM children with features of severe sepsis recommended by WHO includes administration of boluses of isotonic saline followed by blood transfusion in unresponsive cases with septic shock; whereas the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guideline recommends vasoactive support. To date, no study has evaluated systematically the effects of inotrope(s) and vasopressor or blood transfusion in children with dehydrating diarrhea (for example, in cholera) and SAM having shock and unresponsive to WHO standard fluid therapy.
This randomized trial will generate evidence whether inotrope and vasopressor or blood transfusion should be selected for severely malnourished children having hypotensive shock and who failed to respond to WHO standard fluid bolus.
Study Overview
Status
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Background:
- Burden: Burden: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five childhood mortality and accounts for 8% of 5.4 million global under-5 deaths. Co-morbidity of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and shock in children with diarrhea is associated with increased mortality. Nearly half of the patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b present with sepsis. Data demonstrates that about 43% of children progressed from severe sepsis to septic shock despite receiving recommended treatment. The death rate was found to be as high as 40% and 69% in children with severe sepsis and septic shock respectively with co-morbidities such as severe malnutrition.
- Knowledge gap: The conventional management of SAM children with features of severe sepsis recommended by WHO include administration of boluses of isotonic saline followed by blood transfusion in unresponsive cases with septic shock. However, a recent African study reported significantly higher mortality among children with features of severe sepsis when they were treated with boluses. To date, no study has evaluated systematically the effects of inotrope or vasopressor or blood transfusion in children with dehydrating diarrhea (for example, in cholera) and SAM having shock and unresponsive to WHO standard fluid therapy.
- Relevance: If this randomized trial signifies survival benefit from a blood transfusion, inotrope or vasopressor in the management of fluid refractory shock in children with severe acute malnutrition and cholera or other dehydrating diarrheas, then this approach would be a good candidate for implementation in the management of such children especially in developing countries
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the death rates will be significantly lower in children with SAM or severe underweight, dehydrating diarrhea and fluid refractory shock who will be treated with dopamine or adrenaline compared to blood transfusion, after treatment failure with WHO standard bolus intravenous fluid therapy.
Objectives: To reduce mortality of the SAM or severely underweight children presenting with diarrhea and fluid refractory shock who will receive WHO standard fluid therapy followed by dopamine or adrenaline, compared to those receiving blood transfusion after WHO standard fluid therapy.
Methods: This will be a randomized, three-arm, controlled, non-masked clinical trial in children 1- 59 months old with SAM or severely underweight and fluid refractory shock. It will compare the efficacy of WHO-recommended fluid resuscitation followed by dopamine or adrenaline administration versus WHO recommended fluid resuscitation followed by blood transfusion. After parental written informed consent, children, in addition to usual supportive care, will be allocated to the study interventions following randomization.
Study Type
Enrollment (Anticipated)
Phase
- Phase 3
Contacts and Locations
Study Contact
- Name: Monira Sarmin, MBBS, MCPS
- Phone Number: 2186 +8801718596947
- Email: drmonira@icddrb.org
Study Locations
-
-
-
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1000
- Recruiting
- Icddr,b
-
Contact:
- Monira Sarmin, MCPS
- Email: drmonira@icddrb.org
-
Principal Investigator:
- Tahmeed Ahmed, PhD
-
-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Children of either sex with SAM or severe underweight and diarrhea
- Age: 1-59 months
- Children with cerebral palsy (CP) and/or developmental dealy
- Fluid refractory shock
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe anemia (hemoglobin< 5 gm/dl) who will require a blood transfusion
- Sclerema
- Congenital anomalies (TOF/ASD/VSD/Trisomy 21, etc.)
- Having a rare blood group (negative blood groups)
- A child requiring cardio-pulmonary resuscitation during screening or having gasping respiration
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Treatment
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Dopamine arm
Children in the dopamine arm (Treatment plan A) will receive dopamine, 8 microgram/kg/min (increasing the dose after 15 minutes to 12 microgram/kg/min to a maximum of 15 microgram/kg/min)
|
Children will receive dopamine, 8 microgram/kg.min
(increasing the dose after 15 minutes to 12 microgram/kg/min to a maximum of 15 microgram/kg/min)
|
Experimental: Adrenaline arm
Children in the adrenaline arm (Treatment plan B) will receive adrenaline, 0.1 microgram/kg/min (increasing the dose after 15 minutes to 0.2 microgram/kg.min
to a maximum of 0.3 microgram/kg.min)
|
Children will receive adrenaline, 0.1 microgram/kg/min (increasing the dose after 15 minutes to 0.2 microgram/kg.min
to a maximum of 0.3 microgram/kg.min)
Other Names:
|
Active Comparator: Blood transfusion arm
Children in the blood transfusion arm (Treatment plan C) will receive a transfusion of whole human blood in a dose of 10 mL/kg over 2-3 hours.
While the blood transfusion is being arranged, IV fluid would be given @ of 3 ml per kg per hour
|
Children will receive a transfusion of whole human blood in a dose of 10 mL/kg over 2-3 hours.
While the blood transfusion is being arranged, IV fluid would be given @ of 3 ml per kg per hour
Other Names:
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Case fatality rate
Time Frame: 28 days (± 3 days)
|
Number of mortalities among SAM or severe underweight children presenting with diarrhea and fluid refractory shock who would receive WHO standard fluid therapy followed by dopamine or adrenaline, compared to those receiving blood transfusion after WHO standard fluid therapy
|
28 days (± 3 days)
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Treatment failure rates
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Number of children where we failed to achieve the goal of resuscitation after starting any one of the interventions
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Need for mechanical ventilation
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Number of children who would require mechanical ventilation
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Heart failure
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Number of children who developed heart failure.
Heart failure will be assessed on the basis of - age-specific tachypnea, tachycardia, enlarged tender liver, pedal edema, basal crackles and/or gallop and response to furosemide (combination of findings).
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Length of ICU stay
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Time a child stays in ICU
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Time-to-achieve recovery
Time Frame: 3-4 hours
|
Required times (minutes) for resuscitation of a child after randomization to a specific arms
|
3-4 hours
|
Left ventricular function of the study participants
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Evaluation of left ventricular function (hyperdynamic or normal) by cardiac USG at enrollment, at time of heart failure (if any)
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Right ventricular function of the study participants
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Evaluation of right ventricular function (hyperdynamic or normal) by cardiac ultrasound at enrollment, at time of heart failure (if any)
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Inferior vena cava collapsibility of the study participants
Time Frame: Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Evaluation of Inferior vena cava collapsibility by cardiac ultrasound at enrollment, at time of heart failure (if any)
|
Through study completion, an average of 7 days
|
Length of hospital stay
Time Frame: variable (days to months)
|
Time a child stays in the hospital
|
variable (days to months)
|
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) stabilization at 48 hours
Time Frame: 48 hours from the point of inclusion in the study
|
Number of children whose MAP was stabilized at 48 hours
|
48 hours from the point of inclusion in the study
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Tahmeed Ahmed, PhD, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK154447/
- AABB. Technical Manual. 19th ed. Fung MK, Eder AF, Spitalnik SL, Westhoff CM, editors. United States.
- Green REB, Klostermann DA. The Antiglobulin Test. In: Harmening D, editor. Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. 6th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 107-10.
- Chisti MJ, Pietroni MA, Smith JH, Bardhan PK, Salam MA. Predictors of death in under-five children with diarrhoea admitted to a critical care ward in an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Dec;100(12):e275-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02368.x. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
- Sarmin M, Ahmed T, Bardhan PK, Chisti MJ. Specialist hospital study shows that septic shock and drowsiness predict mortality in children under five with diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Jul;103(7):e306-11. doi: 10.1111/apa.12640. Epub 2014 Apr 11.
- Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, Choudhury IA, Haque ME, Salam MA, Rabbani GH, Suskind RM, Fuchs GJ. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet. 1999 Jun 5;353(9168):1919-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07499-6.
- Chisti MJ, Salam MA, Bardhan PK, Faruque AS, Shahid AS, Shahunja KM, Das SK, Hossain MI, Ahmed T. Severe Sepsis in Severely Malnourished Young Bangladeshi Children with Pneumonia: A Retrospective Case Control Study. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 6;10(10):e0139966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139966. eCollection 2015.
- Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Ali N, Huda TM, Salim Uzzaman M, Haider S, Rahman H, Islam Z, Khan JAM, Van Der Meer R, Morton A. Economic costs of hospitalized diarrheal disease in Bangladesh: a societal perspective. Glob Health Res Policy. 2018 Jan 5;3:1. doi: 10.1186/s41256-017-0056-5. eCollection 2018.
- Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA. Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Jul;47(1 Pt 2):28-35. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.28.
- Chisti MJ, Saha S, Roy CN, Salam MA. Predictors of bacteremia in infants with diarrhea and systemic inflammatory response syndrome attending an urban diarrheal treatment center in a developing country. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 Jan;11(1):92-7. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b063e1.
- Ranjit S, Aram G, Kissoon N, Ali MK, Natraj R, Shresti S, Jayakumar I, Gandhi D. Multimodal monitoring for hemodynamic categorization and management of pediatric septic shock: a pilot observational study*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Jan;15(1):e17-26. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182a5589c.
- Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, Deymann AJ, Lin JC, Nguyen TC, Okhuysen-Cawley RS, Relvas MS, Rozenfeld RA, Skippen PW, Stojadinovic BJ, Williams EA, Yeh TS, Balamuth F, Brierley J, de Caen AR, Cheifetz IM, Choong K, Conway E Jr, Cornell T, Doctor A, Dugas MA, Feldman JD, Fitzgerald JC, Flori HR, Fortenberry JD, Graciano AL, Greenwald BM, Hall MW, Han YY, Hernan LJ, Irazuzta JE, Iselin E, van der Jagt EW, Jeffries HE, Kache S, Katyal C, Kissoon N, Kon AA, Kutko MC, MacLaren G, Maul T, Mehta R, Odetola F, Parbuoni K, Paul R, Peters MJ, Ranjit S, Reuter-Rice KE, Schnitzler EJ, Scott HF, Torres A Jr, Weingarten-Arams J, Weiss SL, Zimmerman JJ, Zuckerberg AL. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017 Jun;45(6):1061-1093. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002425. Erratum In: Crit Care Med. 2017 Sep;45(9):e993. Kissoon, Niranjan Tex [corrected to Kissoon, Niranjan]; Weingarten-Abrams, Jacki [corrected to Weingarten-Arams, Jacki].
- Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, Brent B, Evans JA, Tibenderana JK, Crawley J, Russell EC, Levin M, Babiker AG, Gibb DM; FEAST Trial Group. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2483-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549. Epub 2011 May 26.
- Seri I, Abbasi S, Wood DC, Gerdes JS. Regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine in the sick preterm neonate. J Pediatr. 1998 Dec;133(6):728-34. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70141-6.
- Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Brent B, Nteziyaremye J, Mpoya A, Prevatt N, Dambisya CM, Semakula D, Ddungu A, Okuuny V, Wokulira R, Timbwa M, Otii B, Levin M, Crawley J, Babiker AG, Gibb DM; FEAST trial group. Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial. BMC Med. 2013 Mar 14;11:68. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-68.
- Phornphatkul C, Pongprot Y, Suskind R, George V, Fuchs G. Cardiac function in malnourished children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1994 Mar;33(3):147-54. doi: 10.1177/000992289403300304.
- Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, Goes PF, de Cassia F O Fernandes I, de Souza DC, Paulo RL, Chagas F, Gilio AE. Double-Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Dopamine Versus Epinephrine as First-Line Vasoactive Drugs in Pediatric Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):2292-302. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001260.
- Ramaswamy KN, Singhi S, Jayashree M, Bansal A, Nallasamy K. Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Dopamine and Epinephrine in Pediatric Fluid-Refractory Hypotensive Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Nov;17(11):e502-e512. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000954.
- Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MSD, Flori HR, Inwald DP, Nadel S, Schlapbach LJ, Tasker RC, Argent AC, Brierley J, Carcillo J, Carrol ED, Carroll CL, Cheifetz IM, Choong K, Cies JJ, Cruz AT, De Luca D, Deep A, Faust SN, De Oliveira CF, Hall MW, Ishimine P, Javouhey E, Joosten KFM, Joshi P, Karam O, Kneyber MCJ, Lemson J, MacLaren G, Mehta NM, Moller MH, Newth CJL, Nguyen TC, Nishisaki A, Nunnally ME, Parker MM, Paul RM, Randolph AG, Ranjit S, Romer LH, Scott HF, Tume LN, Verger JT, Williams EA, Wolf J, Wong HR, Zimmerman JJ, Kissoon N, Tissieres P. Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;21(2):e52-e106. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002198.
- Sun JT. New Advances in Emergency Ultrasound Protocols for Shock. J Med Ultrasound. 2017 Oct-Dec;25(4):191-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jmu.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Dec 6. No abstract available.
- Sekiguchi H, Harada Y, Villarraga HR, Mankad SV, Gajic O. Focused cardiac ultrasound in the early resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective pilot study. J Anesth. 2017 Aug;31(4):487-493. doi: 10.1007/s00540-017-2312-8. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
- McQuilten ZK, Cooper DJ. Age of Red Blood Cells for Transfusion in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients. JAMA. 2019 Dec 10;322(22):2175-2176. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.17476. No abstract available.
- Tiwari AK, Aggarwal G, Dara RC, Arora D, Gupta GK, Raina V. First Indian study to establish safety of immediate-spin crossmatch for red blood cell transfusion in antibody screen-negative recipients. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2017 Jan-Jun;11(1):40-44. doi: 10.4103/0973-6247.200774.
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Anticipated)
Study Completion (Anticipated)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Estimate)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
- Pathologic Processes
- Infections
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
- Inflammation
- Signs and Symptoms, Digestive
- Nutrition Disorders
- Body Weight
- Sepsis
- Malnutrition
- Shock, Septic
- Shock
- Diarrhea
- Hypovolemia
- Severe Acute Malnutrition
- Thinness
- Physiological Effects of Drugs
- Adrenergic Agents
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
- Autonomic Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Protective Agents
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Cardiotonic Agents
- Dopamine Agents
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Respiratory System Agents
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists
- Sympathomimetics
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
- Mydriatics
- Epinephrine
- Racepinephrine
- Epinephryl borate
- Dopamine
Other Study ID Numbers
- PR-20021
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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